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Text of the page (random words):
english slovenčina српски srpski svenska తెలుగు türkçe українська 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia operating system kernel designed as a replacement for unix hurd redirects here for other uses see hurd disambiguation operating system gnu hurd developer gnu project thomas bushnell roland mcgrath marcus brinkmann neal walfield samuel thibault written in assembly c os family unix like working state current source model free software initial release 1990 36 years ago 1990 repository git savannah gnu org cgit hurd supported platforms x86 64 ia 32 i686 arm 1 kernel type multiserver microkernel license gpl 2 0 or later 2 official website www gnu org software hurd gnu hurd is a collection of microkernel servers written as part of gnu for the gnu mach microkernel it has been under development since 1990 by the gnu project of the free software foundation designed as a replacement for the unix kernel 3 and released as free software under the gnu general public license when the linux kernel proved to be a viable solution development of gnu hurd slowed at times alternating between stasis and renewed activity and interest 4 the hurd s design consists of a set of protocols and server processes or daemons in unix terminology that run on the gnu mach microkernel 3 the hurd aims to surpass the unix kernel in functionality security and stability while remaining largely compatible with it the gnu project chose the multiserver microkernel 5 for the operating system due to perceived advantages over the traditional unix monolithic kernel architecture 6 a view that had been advocated by some developers in the 1980s 4 name and logo edit in december 1991 the primary architect of the hurd described the name as a mutually recursive acronym 7 it s time to explain the meaning of hurd hurd stands for hird of unix replacing daemons and then hird stands for hurd of interfaces representing depth we have here to my knowledge the first software to be named by a pair of mutually recursive acronyms thomas then michael bushnell as both hurd and hird are homophones of the english word herd the full name gnu hurd is also a play on the words herd of gnus reflecting how the kernel works 8 the logo is called the hurd boxes and it also reflects on architecture the logo is a graph where nodes represent the hurd kernel s servers and directed edges are ipc messages 7 development history edit richard stallman founded the gnu project in september 1983 with an aim to create a free gnu operating system 9 initially the components required for kernel development were written editors shell compiler debugger etc by 1989 the gpl came into being and the only major component missing was the kernel 10 11 development on the hurd began in 1990 after an abandoned kernel attempt in 1986 based on the research trix operating system developed by professor steve ward and his group at mit s laboratory for computer science lcs 12 according to thomas bushnell the initial hurd architect their early plan was to adapt the 4 4bsd lite kernel and in hindsight it is now perfectly obvious to me that this would have succeeded splendidly and the world would be a very different place today 13 in 1987 richard stallman proposed using the mach microkernel developed by richard rashid at carnegie mellon university work on this was delayed for three years due to uncertainty over whether cmu would release the mach code under a suitable license 12 with the release of the linux kernel in 1991 the primary user of gnu s userland components soon became operating systems based on the linux kernel linux distributions prompting the coining of the term gnu linux development of the hurd has proceeded slowly despite an optimistic announcement by stallman in 2002 predicting a release of gnu hurd later that year 14 the hurd is still not considered suitable for production environments development in general has not met expectations and there are still a significant number of bugs and missing features 15 this has resulted in a poorer product than many including stallman had expected 16 in 2010 after twenty years under development stallman said that he was not very optimistic about the gnu hurd it makes some progress but to be really superior it would require solving a lot of deep problems but added that finishing it is not crucial for the gnu system because a free kernel already existed linux and completing hurd would not address the main remaining problem for a free operating system device support 17 the debian project among others have worked on the hurd project to produce binary distributions of hurd based gnu operating systems for ibm pc compatible systems after years of stagnation development picked up again in 2015 and 2016 with four releases during these two years 18 since then no release was made but distributions pick up snapshots to produce distribution releases 19 20 21 22 23 24 on august 20 2015 amid the google summer of code it was announced that gnu guix had been ported to gnu hurd 25 architecture edit general structure of monolithic microkernel and hybrid kernel based operating systems respectively unlike most unix like kernels the hurd uses a server client architecture built on a microkernel that is responsible for providing the most basic kernel services coordinating access to the hardware the cpu through process management and scheduling ram via memory management and other various input output devices via i o scheduling for sound graphics mass storage etc in theory the microkernel design would allow for all device drivers to be built as servers working in user space but today most drivers of this kind are still contained in the gnu mach kernel space 26 according to hurd developers the main advantage of microkernel based design is the ability to extend the system developing a new module would not require in depth knowledge of the rest of the kernel and a bug in one module would not crash the entire system hurd provides a concept of translators a framework of modules used to extend a file system functionality 27 from early on the hurd was developed to use gnu mach as the microkernel this was a technical decision made by richard stallman who thought it would speed up the work by saving a large part of it he has admitted that he was wrong about that 28 other unix like systems working on the mach microkernel include osf 1 lites and mklinux macos and nextstep use hybrid kernels based on mach other microkernels edit from 2004 onward various efforts were launched to port the hurd to more modern microkernels the l4 microkernel was the original choice in 2004 but progress slowed to a halt nevertheless during 2005 hurd developer neal walfield finished the initial memory management framework for the l4 hurd port and marcus brinkmann ported essential parts of glibc namely getting the process startup code working allowing programs to run thus allowing the first user programs trivial ones such as the hello world program in c to run since 2005 brinkmann and walfield started researching coyotos as a new kernel for hurd 29 30 in 2006 brinkmann met with jonathan shapiro a primary architect of the coyotos operating system to aid in and discuss the use of the coyotos kernel for gnu hurd in further discussion hurd developers realised that coyotos as well as other similar kernels are not suitable for hurd 31 in 2007 hurd developers neal walfield and marcus brinkmann gave a critique of the hurd architecture known as the critique 32 and a proposal for how a future system may be designed known as the position paper 33 in 2008 neal walfield began working on the viengoos microkernel as a modern native kernel for hurd as of 2009 update development on viengoos is paused due to walfield lacking time to work on it 34 in the meantime others have continued working on the mach variant of hurd 35 unix extensions edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2007 learn how and when to remove this message a number of traditional unix concepts are replaced or extended in the hurd under unix every running program has an associated user id which normally corresponds to the user that started the process this id largely dictates the actions permitted to the program no outside process can change the user id of a running program a hurd process on the other hand runs under a set of user ids which can contain multiple ids one or none a sufficiently privileged process can add and remove ids to another process for example there is a password server that will hand out ids in return for a correct login password regarding the file system a suitable program can be designated as a translator for a single file or a whole directory hierarchy every access to the translated file or files below a hierarchy in the second case is in fact handled by the program for example a file translator may simply redirect read and write operations to another file like a unix symbolic link the effect of unix mounting is achieved by setting up a filesystem translator using the settrans command translators can also be used to provide services to the user for example the ftpfs translator allows a user to encapsulate remote ftp sites within a directory then standard tools such as ls cp and rm can be used to manipulate files on the remote system even more powerful translators are ones such as unionfs which allows a user to unify multiple directories into one thus listing the unified directory reveals the contents of all the directories the hurd requires a multiboot compliant boot loader such as grub architecture of the servers edit according to the debian documentation there are 24 servers 18 core servers and 6 file system servers named as follows 36 core servers edit auth authentication server receives requests and passwords from programs and gives them an id which changes the privileges of the program crash crash server handles all fatal errors exec execution server translates an executable image currently elf and a out are supported to a runnable image in memory fifo fifo translator implements named pipes new fifo new fifo server an alternate server for named pipes firmlink the firmlink translator implements firmlinks half way between a symbolic link and a hard link 37 fwd forward server forwards requests to other servers used by fifo and symlink servers hostmux host multiplexer server ifsock server for sockets interface helps with unix domain socket addresses init init server basic system booting and configuration magic magic server signals that a name lookup must be resolved internally by a process when the result involves the process s state null null server implements dev null and dev zero pfinet pfinet server implements the pf_inet protocol family pflocal pflocal server implements unix domain sockets proc process server assigns pids and manages process level actions symlink symbolic link translator implements symbolic links for filesystems that do not support them term terminal server a posix terminal usermux user multiplexer server invokes user specific translators filesystem servers edit ext2fs the ext2 filesystem translator it receives disk blocks from the microkernel and gives files and directories to the applications isofs the translator for the iso 9660 filesystem translates blocks of a cd or dvd to files and directories for the applications nfs see network file system ftpfs file transfer protocol filesystem translator storeio the storage translator the servers collectively implement the posix api with each server implementing a part of the interface for instance the various filesystem servers each implement the filesystem calls the storage server will work as a wrapping layer similar to the block layer of linux the equivalent of vfs of linux is achieved by libdiskfs and libpager libraries gnu distributions running hurd edit debian gnu hurd with xfce hurd based gnu distributions include arch hurd bee gnu hurd discontinued 38 debian gnu hurd gentoo gnu hurd gnu hurd live cd 39 guix system under development see also edit free and open source software portal comparison of operating system kernels gnu distributions kernel based virtual machine kvm linux libre a free version of the linux kernel multiboot specification references edit gnu hurd ported to aarch64 and more hurd news osnews com retrieved 22 april 2024 copying hurd hurd git hurd git savannah gnu org retrieved 25 february 2019 1 2 what is the gnu hurd gnu retrieved 2010 03 04 1 2 tozzi christopher 2015 04 20 30 years on hurd lives gnu updates open source unix kernel the var guy archived from the original on 2015 04 24 what is a multiserver microkernel gnu 2013 04 13 retrieved 2015 08 11 advantages gnu retrieved 2011 12 07 1 2 vervloesem koen july 7 2010 the hurd gnu s quest for the perfect kernel lwn net retrieved october 5 2012 gnu hurd origin of the name gnu retrieved 2010 03 04 gnu history cs stanford edu retrieved 2024 09 03 hillesley richard june 30 2010 gnu hurd altered visions and lost promise retrieved october 1 2012 linux and the gnu project gnu 2010 01 26 retrieved 2010 03 04 1 2 the gnu hurd history how it started gnu retrieved 2006 08 27 salus peter the daemon the gnu and the penguin archived from the original on 2023 07 10 retrieved 2006 08 08 ribeiro john 2002 03 11 free software sees gnu loose of linux pc world archived from the original on 2016 09 22 retrieved 2012 10 05 status gnu retrieved 2010 03 04 stallman richard 2006 03 09 the free software movement and the future of freedom ogg free software foundation zagreb this is the way also that people thought was the cleanest possible way to design kernels back in 1990 well it took many many many years to get this kernel to run at all and it still doesn t run well and it looks like there may be fundamental problems with this design which nobody knew about back in 1990 richard stallman the free software movement and the future of freedom march 9th 2006 free software foundation europe lecture transcript archived from the original on 2007 01 12 stallman richard 2010 07 29 rms ama reddit archived from the original on 2014 03 05 retrieved 2011 12 07 free software foundation changes priorities sd times sd times 2017 01 17 retrieved 2017 04 17 debian gnu hurd 2015 released lists debian org debian gnu hurd 2017 released lists debian org debian gnu hurd 2019 released lists debian org debian gnu hurd 2021 released lists debian org debian gnu hurd 2023 released lists debian org debian gnu hurd 2025 released lists debian org retrieved 2025 ...
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