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es afrikaans alemannisch العربية الدارجة অসমীয়া अवधी azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali беларуская български বাংলা català 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн کوردی qırımtatarca čeština чӑвашла cymraeg dansk deutsch ελληνικά esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski հայերեն bahasa indonesia гӏалгӏай ido íslenska italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ inuktitut 日本語 jawa ქართული қазақша ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 кыргызча latina ລາວ lietuvių latviešu madhurâ minangkabau മലയാളം монгол मराठी bahasa melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pangasinan polski português runa simi română русский саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ scots سنڌي davvisámegiella srpskohrvatski српскохрватски සිංහල simple english slovenščina српски srpski seeltersk svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย türkmençe tagalog türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 吴语 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikiquote wikisource wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia first nations redirects here for other uses see first nations disambiguation first peoples redirects here for the study of human origins see anthropogeny indigenous studies redirects here for the academic field studying the indigenous peoples of north america see native american studies this article needs additional citations for verification please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources indigenous peoples news newspapers books scholar jstor november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message a kaqchikel family in the hamlet of patzutzun sololá guatemala 1993 there is no generally accepted definition of indigenous peoples a 1 2 3 although in the 21st century the focus has been on self identification cultural difference from other groups in a state a special relationship with their traditional territory and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model 4 estimates of the population of indigenous peoples range from 250 million to 600 million 5 there are some 5 000 distinct indigenous peoples spread across every inhabited climate zone and inhabited continent of the world 6 7 most indigenous peoples are in a minority in the state or traditional territory they inhabit and have experienced domination by other groups especially non indigenous peoples 8 9 although many indigenous peoples have experienced colonization by settlers from european nations 10 indigenous identity is not determined by western colonization 4 the rights of indigenous peoples are outlined in national legislation treaties and international law the 1989 international labour organization ilo convention on indigenous and tribal peoples protects indigenous peoples from discrimination and specifies their rights to development customary laws lands territories and resources employment education and health 11 in 2007 the united nations un adopted a declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples including their rights to self determination and to protect their cultures identities languages ceremonies and access to employment health education and natural resources 12 indigenous peoples continue to face threats to their sovereignty economic well being languages cultural heritage and access to the resources on which their cultures depend 13 in the 21st century indigenous groups and advocates for indigenous peoples have highlighted numerous apparent violations of the rights of indigenous peoples etymology indigenous is derived from the latin word indigena meaning sprung from the land native 14 the latin indigena is based on the old latin indu in within gignere to beget produce indu is an extended form of the proto indo european en or in 15 16 definitions colorized photograph of an amis couple in traditional clothing taken in pre world war ii japanese ruled taiwan there is no generally accepted definition of indigenous peoples in the united nations or international law 17 various national and international organizations non government organizations governments indigenous groups and scholars have developed definitions or have declined to provide a definition 18 historical as a reference to a group of people the term indigenous was first used by europeans to differentiate the indigenous peoples of the americas from enslaved africans the first known use was by sir thomas browne in 1646 who wrote and although in many parts thereof there be at present swarms of negroes serving under the spaniard yet were they all transported from africa since the discovery of columbus and are not indigenous or proper natives of america 19 20 in the 1970s the term was used as a way of linking the experiences issues and struggles of groups of colonized people across international borders at this time indigenous people s also began to be used to describe a legal category in indigenous law created in international and national legislation the use of the plural peoples recognizes the cultural differences between various indigenous peoples 21 page needed 22 the first meeting of the united nations working group on indigenous populations wgip was on 9 august 1982 and this date is now celebrated as the international day of the world s indigenous peoples 23 recent in the 21st century the concept of indigenous peoples is understood in a wider context than only the colonial experience the focus has been on self identification as indigenous peoples cultural difference from other groups in a state a special relationship with their traditional territory and an experience of subjugation and discrimination under a dominant cultural model 4 united nations no definition of indigenous peoples has been adopted by a united nations agency the secretariat of the permanent forum on indigenous issues states in the case of the concept of indigenous peoples the prevailing view today is that no formal universal definition of the term is necessary given that a single definition will inevitably be either over or under inclusive making sense in some societies but not in others 24 however a number of un agencies have provided statements of coverage for particular international agreements concerning indigenous peoples or working definitions for particular reports 24 the international labour organization s ilo indigenous and tribal peoples convention 1989 ilo convention no 169 states that the convention covers peoples in independent countries who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country or a geographical region to which the country belongs at the time of conquest or colonisation or the establishment of present state boundaries and who irrespective of their legal status retain some or all of their own social economic cultural and political institutions 25 the convention also covers tribal peoples who are distinguished from indigenous peoples and described as tribal peoples in independent countries whose social cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations 26 the convention states that self identification as indigenous or tribal is a fundamental criterion for determining the groups to which the convention applies 17 the un declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples does not define indigenous peoples but affirms their right to self determination including determining their own identity 27 inter american commission on human rights the inter american commission on human rights does not provide a definition of indigenous peoples stating that such a definition is not necessary for purposes of protecting their human rights in determining coverage of indigenous peoples the commission uses the criteria developed in documents such as ilo convention no 169 and the united nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples the commission states that self identification as indigenous is a fundamental criterion 28 world bank the world bank states indigenous peoples are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live occupy or from which they have been displaced 29 amnesty international amnesty international does not provide a definition of indigenous peoples but states that they can be identified according to certain characteristics 30 self identification as indigenous peoples a historical link with those who inhabited a country or region at the time when people of different cultures or ethnic origins arrived a strong link to territories and surrounding natural resources distinct social economic or political systems a distinct language culture and beliefs marginalized and discriminated against by the state they maintain and develop their ancestral environments and systems as distinct peoples scholars academics and other scholars have developed various definitions of indigenous peoples in 1986 87 josé martínez cobo the un special rapporteur on the problem of discrimination against indigenous populations developed the following working definition indigenous communities peoples and nations are those that having a historical continuity with pre invasion and pre colonial societies that developed on their territories consider themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing in those territories or parts of them they form at present non dominant sectors of society and are determined to preserve develop and transmit to future generations their ancestral territories and their ethnic identity as the basis of their continued existence as peoples in accordance with their own cultural patterns social institutions and legal systems 31 martínez cobo states that the following factors are relevant to historical continuity occupation of ancestral lands or at least of part of them common ancestry with the original occupants of these lands cultural factors such as religion tribalism dress etc language residence in certain parts of the country or in certain regions of the world and other relevant factors 32 guatemalan girls in their traditional clothing from the town of santa catarina palopó on lake atitlán in 2004 professor of human rights law and policy james anaya defined indigenous peoples as living descendants of pre invasion inhabitants of lands now dominated by others they are culturally distinct groups that find themselves engulfed by other settler societies born of forces of empire and conquest 33 in 2012 indigenous studies scholars eve tuck and k wayne yang proposed a criterion based on accounts of origin indigenous peoples are those who have creation stories not colonization stories about how we they came to be in a particular place indeed how we they came to be a place our their relationships to land comprise our their epistemologies ontologies and cosmologies 34 indigenous peoples such as the maasai and the māori have oral traditional histories involving migration to their current location from somewhere else 35 anthropologist manvir singh states that the term may lack coherence pointing to inconsistencies in which ethnic groups are called indigenous or not and notes several scholars who suggest that it instead acts as a relabeling of discredited and colonial ideas about primitive people 35 singh states that some indigenous people argue that the term and identity has resulted in pressure to appear primordial and unchanging and erases complex and modern identities 35 other scholars such as dominic o sullivan and marjo lindroth have analysed and defined indigenous peoples as those in a specific power relationship with the state called indigeneity that has come about due to the process of settler colonialism 36 37 38 other views it is sometimes argued that all africans are indigenous to africa all asians are indigenous to parts of asia or that there can be no indigenous peoples in countries which did not experience large scale western settler colonialism 4 many countries have avoided the term indigenous peoples or have denied that indigenous peoples exist in their territory and have classified minorities who identify as indigenous in other ways such as hill tribes in thailand scheduled tribes in india national minorities in china cultural minorities in the philippines isolated and alien peoples in indonesia and various other terms 18 history classical antiquity greek sources of the classical period acknowledge indigenous people whom they referred to as pelasgians ancient writers saw these people either as the ancestors of the greeks 39 or as an earlier group of people who inhabited greece before the greeks 40 the disposition and precise identity of this former group is elusive and sources such as homer hesiod and herodotus give varying partially mythological accounts dionysius of halicarnassus in his book roman antiquities gives a synoptic interpretation of the pelasgians based on the sources available to him then concluding that pelasgians were greek 41 africa in european late antiquity many berbers copts and nubians of north africa converted to various forms of christianity under roman rule although elements of traditional religious beliefs were retained 42 following the arab invasions of north africa in the 7th century many berbers were enslaved or recruited into the army the majority of berbers however remained nomadic pastoralists who also engaged in trade as far as sub saharan africa 43 coptic egyptians remained in possession of their lands and many preserved their language and christian religion by the 10th century however the majority of the population of north africa spoke arabic and practiced islam 44 alonso fernández de lugo presenting the captured guanche kings of tenerife to ferdinand and isabella from 1402 the guanche of the canary islands resisted spanish attempts at colonization the islands finally came under spanish control in 1496 mohamed adhikari has called the conquest of the islands a genocide 45 46 early 15th century portuguese exploration of the west coast of africa was motivated by a quest for gold and crusading against islam 47 portugal s first attempt at colonization in what is now senegal ended in failure 48 in the 1470s the portuguese established a fortified trading post on the west coast of africa south of the akan goldfields the portuguese engaged in extensive trade of goods for gold and in later years slaves for their sugar plantations in the islands off west africa and in the new world 49 in 1488 portuguese ships rounded 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