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s z 3 9 10 and palatalized laminal postalveolar n̠ʲ l̠ʲ before t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʃ 11 12 dubious discuss n is velar ŋ before k ɡ 13 14 m and n do not contrast before p b and f v where they are pronounced m and ɱ respectively 13 15 ɲ and ʎ are alveolo palatal 16 in a large number of accents ʎ is a fricative ʎ̝ 17 intervocalically single r is realised as a trill with one or two contacts 18 some literature treats the single contact trill as a tap ɾ 19 20 single contact trills can also occur elsewhere particularly in unstressed syllables 21 geminate rr manifests as a trill with three to seven contacts 18 the phonemic distinction between s and z is neutralized before consonants and at the beginning of words the former is used before voiceless consonants and before vowels at the beginning of words the latter is used before voiced consonants the two can contrast only between vowels within a word e g fuso ˈfuzo melted versus fuso ˈfuso spindle according to canepari 20 although the traditional standard has been replaced by a modern neutral pronunciation which always prefers z when intervocalic except when the intervocalic s is the initial sound of a word if the compound is still felt as such for example presento preˈsɛnto 22 i foresee with pre meaning before and sento meaning i perceive vs presento preˈzɛnto 23 i present there are many words for which dictionaries now indicate that both pronunciations either z or s are acceptable word internally between vowels the two phonemes have merged in many regional varieties of italian as either z northern central or s southern central vowels edit vowels of italian from rogers d arcangeli 2004 119 vowel phonemes front central back close i u close mid e o open mid ɛ ɔ open a in italian phonemic distinction between long and short vowels is rare and limited to a few words and one morphological class namely the pair composed by the first and third person of the historic past in verbs of the third conjugation compare sentii senˈtiː i felt heard and sentì senˈti he felt heard normally vowels in stressed open syllables unless word final are long at the end of the intonational phrase including isolated words or when emphasized 24 25 adjacent identical vowels found at morpheme boundaries are not resyllabified but pronounced separately quickly rearticulated and they might be reduced to a single short vowel in rapid speech 26 although italian contrasts close mid e o and open mid ɛ ɔ vowels in stressed syllables the distinction is neutralised in unstressed position 24 in which only the close mid vowels occur the height of such vowels in unstressed position is context sensitive they are somewhat lowered e̞ o̞ in the vicinity of more open vowels 27 the distinction between close mid and open mid vowels is lost entirely in a few southern varieties of regional italian especially in northern sicily e g palermo where they are realized as open mid ɛ ɔ as well as in some northern varieties in particular in piedmont where they are realized as mid e̞ o̞ word final stressed ɔ is found in a small number of words però ciò paltò 28 however as a productive morpheme it marks the first person singular of all future tense verbs e g dormirò i will sleep and the third person singular preterite of first conjugation verbs parlò s he spoke but credé s he believed dormì s he slept word final unstressed u is rare 29 found in onomatopoeic terms babau 30 loanwords guru 31 and place or family names derived from the sardinian language gennargentu 32 porcu 33 when the last phoneme of a word is an unstressed vowel and the first phoneme of the following word is any vowel the former vowel tends to become non syllabic this phenomenon is called synalepha and should be taken into account when counting syllables e g in poetry in addition to monophthongs italian has diphthongs which however are both phonemically and phonetically simply combinations of the other vowels some are very common e g ai au others are rarer e g ɛi and some never occur within native italian words e g ou however none of the diphthongs are considered to have distinct phonemic status since their constituents do not behave differently from how they occur in isolation unlike the diphthongs in other languages such as english and german grammatical tradition distinguishes falling from rising diphthongs but since rising diphthongs are composed of one semiconsonantal sound j or w and one vowel sound they are not actually diphthongs the practice of referring to them as diphthongs has been criticised by phoneticians such as luciano canepari 20 phonotactics edit a visual representation of italian phonotactics onset edit italian allows up to three consonants in syllable initial position although there are limitations 34 cc edit s any voiceless stop or f e g sp avento fright z any voiced stop v d͡ʒ m n l r e g sr otolare unroll f v or any stop r e g fr ana landslide f v or any stop except t d g l e g pl atano planetree f v s z or any stop or nasal j w e g fi ume river vu ole he she wants si amo we are su ono sound in words of foreign origin mostly greek which are only partially assimilated other combinations such as pn e g pn eumatico mn e g mn emonico tm e g tm esi and ps e g ps eudo occur as an onset the cluster s voiceless consonant is inherently unstable phonetically word internal s c normally syllabifies as s c ˈrɔs po rospo toad tras ˈteː ve re trastevere neighborhood of rome 35 36 phonetic syllabification of the cluster also occurs at word boundaries if a vowel precedes it without pause e g las ˈtɔː rja la storia the history implying the same syllable break at the structural level sˈtɔrja 37 thus always latent due to the extrasyllabic s but unrealized phonetically unless a vowel precedes 38 a competing analysis accepts that while the syllabification s c is accurate historically modern retreat of i prosthesis before word initial s c e g erstwhile con isforzo with effort has generally given way to con sforzo suggests that the structure is now underdetermined with occurrence of s c or sc variable according to the context and the idiosyncratic behaviour of the speakers 39 ccc edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed january 2026 learn how and when to remove this message s voiceless stop or f r e g spr egiare to despise z voiced stop r e g sbr acciato with bare arms sdr aiare to lay down sgr avare to relieve spl e g spl endido splendid skl e g scl erosi sclerosis zbl e g sbl occato unblocked f v or any stop rj rw e g pri ego antiquated form of prego i pray pro pri o one s own proper properly pru ovo antiquated form of provo i try f v or any stop or nasal wj e g qui eto quiet conti nui amo we continue the last combination is however rare and one of the approximants is often vocalised e g qui eto kwiˈɛto kuˈjɛto conti nui amo kontinuˈjamo kontinwiˈamo kontiˈnwjamo nucleus edit the nucleus is the only mandatory part of a syllable for instance a to at is a word and must be a vowel or a diphthong in a falling diphthong the most common second elements are i̯ or u̯ but other combinations such as id ea iˈdɛa̯ tr ae ˈtrae̯ may also be interpreted as diphthongs 20 combinations of j w with vowels are often labelled diphthongs allowing for combinations of j w with falling diphthongs to be called triphthongs one view holds that it is more accurate to label j w as consonants and jv wv as consonant vowel sequences rather than rising diphthongs in that interpretation italian has only falling diphthongs phonemically at least cf synaeresis and no triphthongs 20 nucleus vp2 vp1 vc vd vp vc vc vd vc j a i̯ j a a i̯ a ɛ ɛ ɛ i̯ɛ ɔ ɔ ɔ ɔ u̯ɔ u̯ɔ u̯ɔ k ɡ w a k ɡ w a a u̯ ɛ ɛ ɛ ɛ i̯ɛ i̯ɛ ɔ ɔ ɔ j e e i̯ o o o u̯o u u u k ɡ w e e u̯ e o o i̯e i i i k ɡ w j a i̯ ɛ o coda edit italian permits a small number of coda consonants outside of loanwords 40 the permitted consonants are the first element of any geminate 41 e g tut to everything av vertire to warn a nasal consonant that is either n word finally or one that is homorganic to a following consonant 41 e g con with un poco umˈpɔːko a little am pio ample liquid consonants r and l 41 e g per for al to high s although not before fricatives 42 e g pes ca peach but a sfal to asphalt there are also restrictions in the types of syllables that permit consonants in the syllable coda krämer 2009 explains that neither geminates nor coda consonants with rising sonority can follow falling diphthongs however rising diphthongs or sequences of an approximant and a following vowel may precede clusters with falling sonority particularly those that stem historically from an obstruent liquid onset 43 for example 44 b io ndo blond ch io sco kiosk ch io stro cloister ch io ccia broody hen f ia nco hip syntactic gemination edit main article syntactic gemination word initial consonants are geminated after certain vowel final words in the same prosodic unit there are two types of triggers of initial gemination some unstressed particles prepositions and other monosyllabic words and any oxytonic polysyllabic word 36 as an example of the first type casa house is pronounced ˈkaːza but a casa homeward is pronounced akˈkaːza this is not a purely phonological process as no gemination is cued by the la in la casa the house laˈkaːza and there is nothing detectable in the structure of the preposition a to account for the gemination this type normally originates in language history modern a for example derives from latin ad and today s geminate in akˈkaːza is a continuation of what was once a simple assimilation gemination cued by final stressed vowels however is transparently phonological final stressed vowels are short by nature if a consonant follows a short stressed vowel the syllable must be closed thus the consonant following the final stressed vowel is drawn to lengthen parlò portoghese parˈlɔpportoˈɡeːze s he spoke portuguese vs parla portoghese ˈparlaportoˈɡeːze s he speaks portuguese to summarize syntactic gemination occurs in standard italian mainly in the following two cases 45 after word final stressed vowels words such as sanità perché poté morì and so on after the words a che chi come da do dove e fa fra fu gru ha ho ma me mo in the phrase a mo di no o qua qualche qui so sopra sta sto su te tra tre tu va vo syntactic gemination is the normal native pronunciation in central italy both stress induced and lexical and southern italy only lexical including sicily and corsica france in northern italy and sardinia san marino ticino and italian grisons switzerland speakers use it inconsistently because the feature is not present in the dialectal substratum and is not usually shown in the written language unless a new word is produced by the fusion of the two chi sa chissà who knows in the sense of goodness knows regional variation edit main article regional italian the above ipa symbols and description refer to standard italian based on a somewhat idealized version of the tuscan derived national language as is common in many cultures this single version of the language was pushed as neutral proper and eventually superior leading to some stigmatization of varying accents television news anchors and other high profile figures had to put aside their regional italian when in the public sphere however in more recent years the enforcement of this standard has fallen out of favor in italy and news reporters actors and the like are now more free to deliver their words in their native regional variety of italian which appeals to the italian population s range of linguistic diversity the variety is still not represented in its wholeness and accents from the south are maybe to be considered less popular except in shows set in the south and in comedy a field in which naples sicily and the south in general have always been present although it still represents the basics for the standard variety the loosened restrictions have led to tuscan being seen for what it is just one dialect among many with its own regional peculiarities and qualities many of which are shared with umbria southern marche and northern lazio in tuscany although not in standard italian which is derived from but not equivalent to tuscan dialect voiceless stops are typically pronounced as fricatives between vowels 46 that is p t k ɸ θ h x e g i capitani the captains iˌhaɸiˈθaːni a phenomenon known as the gorgia toscana tuscan throat in a much more widespread area of central italy postalveolar affricates are deaffricated when intervocalic so that in cina in china is pronounced in t͡ʃiːna but la cina the china is laʃiːna and ˈbat͡ʃo bacio kiss is ˈbaːʃo rather than standard italian ˈbaːt͡ʃo 47 this deaffrication can result in minimal pairs distinguished only by length of the fricatives ʃ issuing from t͡ʃ and ʃː from geminate ʃʃ laʃeˈrɔ lacerò s he ripped vs laʃːeˈrɔ lascerò i will leave in nonstandard varieties of central and southern italian some stops at the end of a syllable completely assimilate to the following consonant citation needed for example a venetian might say tecnica as ˈtɛknika or ˈtɛɡnika in violation of normal italian consonant contact restrictions clarification needed while a florentine would probably pronounce tecnica as ˈtɛnniha a roman on a range from ˈtɛnnika to ˈtɛnniɡa in southern italian complex clusters usually are separated by a vowel a neapolitan would say ˈtɛkkənikə a sicilian ˈtɛkkɪnɪka similarly although the cluster kt has developed historically as tt through assimilation a learned word such as ictus will be pronounced ittus by some iktus by others in popular non tuscan central and southern italian speech b and d͡ʒ tend to always be geminated bb and dd͡ʒ when between two vowels or a vowel and a sonorant j w l or r sometimes this is also used in written language e g writing robba instead of roba property to suggest a regional accent although this spelling is considered incorrect in tuscany and beyond in central and southern italy intervocalic non geminate d͡ʒ is realized as ʒ parallel to t͡ʃ realized as ʃ described above the two phonemes s and z have merged in many varieties of italian when between two vowels within the same word it tends to always be pronounced z in northern italy and s in central and southern italy except in the arbëreshë community a notable example is the word casa house in northern italy it is pronounced ˈkaːza in southern central italy it is pronounced ˈkaːsa in several southern varieties voiceless stops tend to be voiced if following a sonorant as an influence of the still largely spoken regional languages campo ˈkampo is often pronounced ˈkambo and antonio anˈtɔnjo is frequently anˈdɔnjo the various tuscan corsican and central italian dialects are to some extent the closest ones to standard italian in terms of linguistic features since the latter is based on a somewhat polished form of florentine childhood phonological development edit main article phon...
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