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snaps are done for different projects the audience was smaller than i had hoped it was the end of the summit and many folks were wrapping up to leave i still left with a feeling of accomplishment snapping desktop applications workshop ubuntu summit this week i will apply my new found knowledge and push out some more snaps 16 november 2022 07 09pm by sgmoore antoine beaupré a zfs migration in my tubman setup i started using zfs on an old server i had lying around the machine is really old though 2011 and it feels pretty slow i want to see how much of that is zfs and how much is the machine synthetic benchmarks show that zfs may be slower than mdadm in raid 10 or raid 6 configuration so i want to confirm that on a live workload my workstation plus i want easy regular high performance backups with send receive snapshots and there s no way i m going to use btrfs because i find it too confusing and unreliable so off we go installation since this is a conversion and not a new install our procedure is slightly different than the official documentation but otherwise it s pretty much in the same spirit we re going to use zfs for everything including the root filesystem so install the required packages on the current system apt install yes gdisk zfs dkms zfs zfs initramfs zfsutils linux we also tell dkms that we need to rebuild the initrd when upgrading echo remake_initrd yes etc dkms zfs conf partitioning this is going to partition dev sdc with 1mb mbr bios legacy boot 512mb efi boot 1gb bpool unencrypted pool for boot rest of the disk for zpool the rest of the data sgdisk zap all dev sdc sgdisk a1 n1 24k 1000k t1 ef02 dev sdc sgdisk n2 1m 512m t2 ef00 dev sdc sgdisk n3 0 1g t3 bf01 dev sdc sgdisk n4 0 0 t4 bf00 dev sdc that will look something like this root curie home anarcat sgdisk p dev sdc disk dev sdc 1953525168 sectors 931 5 gib model esd s1c sector size logical physical 512 512 bytes disk identifier guid redacted partition table holds up to 128 entries main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33 first usable sector is 34 last usable sector is 1953525134 partitions will be aligned on 16 sector boundaries total free space is 14 sectors 7 0 kib number start sector end sector size code name 1 48 2047 1000 0 kib ef02 2 2048 1050623 512 0 mib ef00 3 1050624 3147775 1024 0 mib bf01 4 3147776 1953525134 930 0 gib bf00 unfortunately we can t be sure of the sector size here because the usb controller is probably lying to us about it normally this smartctl command should tell us the sector size as well root curie smartctl i dev sdb qnoserial smartctl 7 2 2020 12 30 r5155 x86_64 linux 5 10 0 14 amd64 local build copyright c 2002 20 bruce allen christian franke www smartmontools org start of information section model family western digital black mobile device model wdc wd10jplx 00mbpt0 firmware version 01 01h01 user capacity 1 000 204 886 016 bytes 1 00 tb sector sizes 512 bytes logical 4096 bytes physical rotation rate 7200 rpm form factor 2 5 inches device is in smartctl database for details use p show ata version is ata8 acs t13 1699 d revision 6 sata version is sata 3 0 6 0 gb s current 6 0 gb s local time is tue may 17 13 33 04 2022 edt smart support is available device has smart capability smart support is enabled above is the example of the builtin hdd drive but the ssd device enclosed in that usb controller doesn t support smart commands so we can t trust that it really has 512 bytes sectors this matters because we need to tweak the ashift value correctly we re going to go ahead the ssd drive has the common 4kb settings which means ashift 12 note here that we are not creating a separate partition for swap swap on zfs volumes aka swap on zvol can trigger lockups and that issue is still not fixed upstream ubuntu recommends using a separate partition for swap instead but since this is just a workstation we re betting that we will not suffer from this problem after hearing a report from another debian developer running this setup on their workstation successfully we do not recommend this setup though in fact if i were to redo this partition scheme i would probably use luks encryption and setup a dedicated swap partition as i had problems with zfs encryption as well creating pools zfs pools are somewhat like volume groups if you are familiar with lvm except they obviously also do things like raid 10 even though lvm can technically also do raid people typically use mdadm instead in any case the guide suggests creating two different pools here one in cleartext for boot and a separate encrypted one for the rest technically the boot partition is required because the grub bootloader only supports readonly zfs pools from what i understand but i m a little out of my depth here and just following the guide boot pool creation this creates the boot pool in readonly mode with features that grub supports zpool create o cachefile etc zfs zpool cache o ashift 12 d o feature async_destroy enabled o feature bookmarks enabled o feature embedded_data enabled o feature empty_bpobj enabled o feature enabled_txg enabled o feature extensible_dataset enabled o feature filesystem_limits enabled o feature hole_birth enabled o feature large_blocks enabled o feature lz4_compress enabled o feature spacemap_histogram enabled o feature zpool_checkpoint enabled o acltype posixacl o canmount off o compression lz4 o devices off o normalization formd o relatime on o xattr sa o mountpoint boot r mnt bpool dev sdc3 i haven t investigated all those settings and just trust the upstream guide on the above main pool creation this is a more typical pool creation zpool create o ashift 12 o encryption on o keylocation prompt o keyformat passphrase o acltype posixacl o xattr sa o dnodesize auto o compression zstd o relatime on o canmount off o mountpoint r mnt rpool dev sdc4 breaking this down o ashift 12 mentioned above 4k sector size o encryption on o keylocation prompt o keyformat passphrase encryption prompt for a password default algorithm is aes 256 gcm explicit in the guide made implicit here o acltype posixacl o xattr sa enable acls with better performance not enabled by default o dnodesize auto related to extended attributes less compatibility with other implementations o compression zstd enable zstd compression can be disabled enabled by dataset to with zfs set compression off rpool example o relatime on classic atime optimisation another that could be used on a busy server is atime off o canmount off do not make the pool mount automatically with mount a o mountpoint r mnt mount pool on in the future but mnt for now those settings are all available in zfsprops 8 other flags are defined in zpool create 8 the reasoning behind them is also explained in the upstream guide and some also in the debian wiki those flags were actually not used o normalization formd normalize file names on comparisons not storage implies utf8only on which is a bad idea and effectively meant my first sync failed to copy some files including this folder from a supysonic checkout and this cannot be changed after the filesystem is created bad bad bad the debian wiki https wiki debian org zfs advanced_topics side note about single disk pools also note that we re living dangerously here single disk zfs pools are rumoured to be more dangerous than not running zfs at all the choice quote from this article is any error can be detected but cannot be corrected this sounds like an acceptable compromise but its actually not the reason its not is that zfs metadata cannot be allowed to be corrupted if it is it is likely the zpool will be impossible to mount and will probably crash the system once the corruption is found so a couple of bad sectors in the right place will mean that all data on the zpool will be lost not some all also there s no zfs recovery tools so you cannot recover any data on the drives compared with say ext4 where a single disk error can recovered this is pretty bad but we are ready to live with this with the idea that we ll have hourly offline snapshots that we can easily recover from it s trade off also we re running this on a nvme m 2 drive which typically just blinks out of existence completely and doesn t bit rot the way a hdd would also the freebsd handbook quick start doesn t have any warnings about their first example which is with a single disk so i am reassured at least creating mount points next we create the actual filesystems known as datasets which are the things that get mounted on mountpoint and hold the actual files this creates two containers for root and boot zfs create o canmount off o mountpoint none rpool root zfs create o canmount off o mountpoint none bpool boot note that it s unclear to me why those datasets are necessary but they seem common practice also used in this freebsd example the openzfs guide mentions the solaris upgrades and ubuntu s zsys that use that container for upgrades and rollbacks this blog post seems to explain a bit the layout behind the installer this creates the actual boot and root filesystems zfs create o canmount noauto o mountpoint rpool root debian zfs mount rpool root debian zfs create o mountpoint boot bpool boot debian i guess the debian name here is because we could technically have multiple operating systems with the same underlying datasets then the main datasets zfs create rpool home zfs create o mountpoint root rpool home root chmod 700 mnt root zfs create rpool var exclude temporary files from snapshots zfs create o com sun auto snapshot false rpool var cache zfs create o com sun auto snapshot false rpool var tmp chmod 1777 mnt var tmp and skip automatic snapshots in docker zfs create o canmount off rpool var lib zfs create o com sun auto snapshot false rpool var lib docker notice here a peculiarity we must create rpool var lib to create rpool var lib docker otherwise we get this error cannot create rpool var lib docker parent does not exist and no just creating mnt var lib doesn t fix that problem in fact it makes things even more confusing because an existing directory shadows a mountpoint which is the opposite of how things normally work also note that you will probably need to change storage driver in docker see the zfs driver documentation for details but basically i did echo storage driver zfs etc docker daemon json note that podman has the same problem and similar solution printf storage ndriver zfs n etc containers storage conf make a tmpfs for run mkdir mnt run mount t tmpfs tmpfs mnt run mkdir mnt run lock we don t create a srv as that s the hdd stuff also mount the efi partition mkfs fat f 32 dev sdc2 mount dev sdc2 mnt boot efi at this point everything should be mounted in mnt it should look like this root curie lang c df h t zfs t vfat filesystem size used avail use mounted on rpool root debian 899g 384k 899g 1 mnt bpool boot debian 832m 123m 709m 15 mnt boot rpool home 899g 256k 899g 1 mnt home rpool home root 899g 256k 899g 1 mnt root rpool var 899g 384k 899g 1 mnt var rpool var cache 899g 256k 899g 1 mnt var cache rpool var tmp 899g 256k 899g 1 mnt var tmp rpool var lib docker 899g 256k 899g 1 mnt var lib docker dev sdc2 511m 4 0k 511m 1 mnt boot efi now that we have everything setup and mounted let s copy all files over copying files this is a list of all the mounted filesystems for fs in boot boot efi home do echo syncing fs to mnt fs rsync ashaxx info progress2 delete fs mnt fs done you can check that the list is correct with mount l t ext4 btrfs vfat awk print 3 note that we skip srv as it s on a different disk on the first run we had root curie for fs in boot boot efi home do echo syncing fs to mnt fs rsync ashaxx info progress2 fs mnt fs done syncing boot to mnt boot 0 0 0 00kb s 0 00 00 xfr 0 to chk 0 299 syncing boot efi to mnt boot efi 16 831 437 100 184 14mb s 0 00 00 xfr 101 to chk 0 110 syncing to mnt 28 019 293 280 94 47 63mb s 0 09 21 xfr 703710 ir chk 6748 839220 rsync generator delete_file rmdir var lib docker failed device or resource busy 16 could not make way for new symlink var lib docker 34 081 267 990 98 50 71mb s 0 10 40 xfr 736577 to chk 0 867732 rsync error some files attrs were not transferred see previous errors code 23 at main c 1333 sender 3 2 3 syncing home to mnt home rsync sender readlink_stat home anarcat fuse failed permission denied 13 24 456 268 098 98 68 03mb s 0 05 42 xfr 159867 ir chk 6875 172377 file has vanished home anarcat cache mozilla firefox s2hwvqbu quantum cache2 entries b3ab0cda9c4454b3c1197e5a22669df8ee849d90 199 762 528 125 93 74 82mb s 0 42 26 xfr 1437846 ir chk 1018 1983979 rsync generator recv_generator mkdir mnt home anarcat dist supysonic tests assets 346 failed invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character 84 skipping any contents from this failed directory 315 384 723 978 96 76 82mb s 1 05 15 xfr 2256473 to chk 0 2993950 rsync error some files attrs were not transferred see previous errors code 23 at main c 1333 sender 3 2 3 note the failure to transfer that supysonic file it turns out they had a weird filename in their source tree since then removed but still it showed how the utf8only feature might not be such a bad idea at this point the procedure was restarted all the way back to creating pools after unmounting all zfs filesystems umount mnt run mnt boot efi umount t zfs a and destroying the pool which surprisingly doesn t require any confirmation zpool destroy rpool the second run was cleaner root curie for fs in boot boot efi home do echo syncing fs to mnt fs rsync ashaxx info progress2 delete fs mnt fs done syncing boot to mnt boot 0 0 0 00kb s 0 00 00 xfr 0 to chk 0 299 syncing boot efi to mnt boot efi 0 0 0 00kb s 0 00 00 xfr 0 to chk 0 110 syncing to mnt 28 019 033 070 97 42 03mb s 0 10 35 xfr 703671 ir chk 1093 833515 rsync generator delete_file rmdir var lib docker failed device or resource busy 16 could not make way for new symlink var lib docker 34 081 807 102 98 44 84mb s 0 12 04 xfr 736580 to chk 0 867723 rsync error some files attrs were not transferred see previous errors code 23 at main c 1333 sender 3 2 3 syncing home to mnt home rsync sender readlink_stat home anarcat fuse failed permission denied 13 io error encountered skipping file deletion 24 043 086 450 96 62 03mb s 0 06 09 xfr 151819 ir chk 15117 172571 file has vanished home anarcat cache mozilla firefox s2hwvqbu quantum cache2 entries 4c1fdbfea976ff924d062fb990b24b897a77b84b 315 423 626 507 96 67 09mb s 1 14 43 xfr 2256845 to chk 0 2994364 rsync error some files attrs were not transferred see previous errors code 23 at main c 1333 sender 3 2 3 also note the transfer speed we seem capped at 76mb s or 608mbit s this is not as fast as i was expecting the usb connection seems to be at around 5gbps anarcat curie lsusb tv head 4 bus 02 port 1 dev 1 class root_hub driver xhci_hcd 6p 5000m id 1d6b 0003 linux foundation 3 0 root hub __ port 1 dev 4 if 0 class mass storage driver uas 5000m id 0b05 1932 asustek computer inc so it shouldn t cap at that sp...
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