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Text of the page (random words):
an 1 3 india 1 4 germany 1 5 italy 1 6 holy see 1 7 france 1 8 guernsey 2 historic examples toggle historic examples subsection 2 1 americas 2 1 1 argentina 2 1 2 brazil 2 1 3 other cases 2 2 europe 2 3 asia 2 3 1 republic of china 1947 1996 2 3 2 south korean dictatorships 1972 1981 2 4 africa 2 4 1 apartheid south africa 1961 1983 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents electoral college 33 languages العربية مصرى azərbaycanca български català čeština dansk deutsch español euskara فارسی français galego हिन्दी հայերեն bahasa indonesia 日本語 한국어 ລາວ bahasa melayu नेपाली nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål occitan português русский simple english ไทย türkçe українська tiếng việt 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from electoral votes set of electors who are selected to elect a candidate to a particular office this article is about electoral colleges in general for the american electoral college see united states electoral college for other uses see electoral college disambiguation part of the politics series elections basic type by election corporate direct indirect fixed term free and fair general local mid term plurality primary partisan nonpartisan proportional recall retention sham snap sortition two round system unfair terminology anonymous elector apportionment audits competition electoral boundary delimitation crossover voting electoral college election law election silence gerrymandering initiative psephology secret ballot suffrage right to stand for election subseries administration political party voting electoral systems lists elections by country close elections most recent next general elections national and local elections in 2026 related election security electoral fraud referendum by country electoral reform election science paper candidate politics portal v t e an electoral college is a body of representatives empowered to formally select a candidate for a specific office most often the head of state electoral colleges exist in several countries and may serve to balance regional representation or ensure indirect election mechanisms 1 they are mostly used in the political context for a constitutional body that appoints the head of state or government and sometimes the upper parliamentary chamber in a democracy its members called electors are elected either by the people for this purpose making the whole process an indirect election or by certain subregional entities or social organizations if a constituent body that is not only summoned for this particular task like a parliament elects or appoints certain officials it is not referred to as electoral college see e g parliamentary system also other appointing bodies like committees appointing judges as in canada or germany normally do not fall into this definition examples edit united states edit the united states electoral college is the only remaining electoral college in democracies where an executive president a head of state who is also head of government is indirectly elected via an electoral college 2 3 the other democracies that used an electoral college for these elections switched to direct elections in the 19th or 20th century 4 215 proponents say the electoral college is fundamental to american federalism it is based on the notion that it requires candidates for president to appeal to voters in all states or a substantial portion of states rather than only those with large population which might hold greater power in elections based on simple majority federalist no 68 probably written by alexander hamilton argued in favor of the electoral college by stating talents for low intrigue and the little arts of popularity may alone suffice to elevate a man to the first honors in a single state but it will require other talents and a different kind of merit to establish him in the esteem and confidence of the whole union or of so considerable a portion of it as would be necessary to make him a successful candidate for the distinguished office of president of the united states another argument states that the electoral college prevents a tyranny of the majority that would ignore the less densely populated heartland and rural states in favor of the mega cities 5 pakistan edit the president of pakistan is indirectly elected by the electoral college of pakistan consisting of the members of parliament of pakistan and provincial assemblies of pakistan 6 india edit the president of india is indirectly elected by the indian electoral college consisting of the elected members of the parliament of india and the legislative assemblies of the states and union territories the vice president of india has a separate electoral college consisting of all members of both houses of the parliament of india germany edit the german bundesversammlung has no other purpose than to elect the federal president of germany it is composed equally by members of the bundestag and by representatives delegated by the state parliaments italy edit the president of italy is elected by an electoral college which comprises both chambers of the italian parliament meeting in joint session combined with 58 special electors appointed by the regional councils of the 20 regions of italy holy see edit the pope who is head of the catholic church the holy see and the vatican city state is elected by a papal conclave consisting of all cardinals under the age of 80 france edit while the president of france is directly elected the senate is indirectly elected by collèges électoraux in the french regions they consist of 150 000 delegates known as the grands électeurs who are mainly appointed by municipal councillors the municipal councillors themselves as well as the regional and departmental councillors serve ex officio as grands électeurs guernsey edit the states of election has only one purpose to elect a new jurat to the courts in guernsey historic examples edit the following examples of electoral colleges used by democracies or dictatorships were replaced by other mechanisms of election such as direct elections during periods of democratisation americas edit before 1840 all presidents in latin america were indirectly elected by legislatures or electoral colleges 7 202 argentina edit argentina had the longest lasting electoral college in south america used to elect its president and vice president and national senators starting with the 1853 constitution 8 and lasting mostly until the 1994 constitutional amendment there were a few exceptions due to political instability in the 20th century in which non lasting reforms removed or suspended the electoral college for example the 1949 peronist amendment promoted by president juan perón which replaced it with direct elections by popular vote used in the 1951 and 1954 elections after the revolución libertadora the 1957 constitutional convention repealed the 1949 constitutional amendment and the electoral college was reestablished from the 1958 general election the march 1973 and september 1973 general elections used a two round direct election by popular vote system which was established by the outgoing military junta which decreed in 1972 an illegal temporary constitutional reform which was supposed to be later ratified by an elected constitutional convention which never happened and therefore expired the elections between 1983 and 1993 used again the electoral college the constitution was then amended by a wide consensus for the last time in 1994 and the electoral college was finally replaced with a modified two round direct elections by popular vote system in use since 1995 9 brazil edit brazil initially became independent in 1822 as the empire of brazil which was a constitutional monarchy after becoming a republic in 1889 brazil elected its president by direct popular vote until 1964 when the military dictatorship chose its president by an electoral college comprising senators deputies state deputies and lawmakers in the cities the electoral college was replaced with a two round system direct election in 1989 after the end of the military dictatorship and the establishment of a new constitution in 1988 leading to the restoration of democracy 9 other cases edit colombia used an electoral college which was eliminated in 1910 7 205 paraguay had an electoral college that was established by the 1870 constitution which was used to elect its president the constitution was replaced in 1940 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1943 9 chile had an electoral college established by the 1828 constitution which was used to elect its president in the elections from 1829 to 1920 the constitution was amended in 1925 and the electoral college was replaced with direct elections by popular vote since 1925 9 also the regional councils were elected until 2009 by provincial electoral colleges composed with communal councillors of local governments in each province 10 since 2013 the regional councillors are elected by popular vote uruguay had until 1918 one electoral college for every department each one of them had 15 members and elected the senator that would represent that department in the upper chamber of parliament 11 europe edit norway from 1814 to 1905 used regional electoral colleges to elect legislators to the storting before switching to direct elections 7 199 201 france had its president elected by the legislature from 1875 to 1954 the first presidential election of the fifth republic which elected charles de gaulle was the only presidential election where the winner was determined via an electoral college 9 the electoral college was replaced after the 1962 referendum with direct elections by popular vote using a two round system since 1965 finland had an electoral college for the country s president from 1925 to 1988 except 1944 exception law 1946 parliament and 1973 extended term by exception law direct presidential elections were introduced in 1988 with the electoral college only electing the president in case no candidate receives more than one half of the popular vote starting in 1994 this was replaced by a second round by popular vote 12 in spain during the second republic period 1931 1936 39 the president was elected by an electoral college comprising the parliament members and an equal number of democratically elected members compromisarios 13 the holy roman empire also had an electoral college to choose its ruler asia edit republic of china 1947 1996 edit the president of the republic of china taiwan was elected by the national assembly of the republic of china from 1948 until 1996 when democratization resulted in direct elections the national assembly had the similar function of electoral college except it had the power to amend the constitution the people s republic of china in the mainland today elects both the president and the premier by the national people s congress every five years similar to the national assembly citation needed 14 south korean dictatorships 1972 1981 edit during south korea s dictatorships of the fourth and fifth republics from 1972 until 1981 the president was elected by an electoral college until democratization resulted in direct elections starting in 1987 additionally during the fourth republic one third of members of the national assembly were nominally elected by the same electoral college which elected the president though in practice they were appointed by the president 15 africa edit apartheid south africa 1961 1983 edit in apartheid era south africa from 1961 to 1983 the state president of south africa was appointed by all the members of the house of assembly of south africa and the senate of south africa 16 after the adoption of the 1983 constitution the new house of assembly house of representatives and house of delegates would designate 50 25 and 13 of their members to the electoral college respectively 17 the electoral college would disappear along with the apartheid government with the president of south africa being elected by the south african parliament in 1994 which is still the method of election to this day 18 see also edit representative democracy references edit electoral college encyclopaedia britannica retrieved 7 october 2025 ziblatt daniel levitsky steven 5 september 2023 how american democracy fell so far behind the atlantic archived from the original on 20 september 2023 retrieved 20 september 2023 collin richard oliver martin pamela l 1 january 2012 an introduction to world politics conflict and consensus on a small planet rowman littlefield p 244 isbn 9781442218031 levitsky steven ziblatt daniel 2023 tyranny of the minority why american democracy reached the breaking point first ed new york crown isbn 978 0 593 44307 1 efforts to abolish the electoral college will dilute the influence of nation s rural states by sid salter guest columnist for the clarion ledger jackson ms 2 december 2020 chapter 1 the president of part iii the federation of pakistan www pakistani org retrieved 15 june 2026 1 2 3 levitsky steven ziblatt daniel 2023 tyranny of the minority why american democracy reached the breaking point first ed new york crown isbn 978 0 593 44307 1 the constitution of argentina of 1853 32nd to 63rd articles archived 5 february 2015 at the wayback machine retrieved 16 january 2015 1 2 3 4 5 ziblatt daniel levitsky steven 5 september 2023 how american democracy fell so far behind the atlantic archived from the original on 20 september 2023 retrieved 20 september 2023 ley 19 097 modifica la constitucion politica de la republica en materia de gobiernos regionales y administracion comunal act 19 097 constitution reform in regional government and local administration ley chile national congress of chile library in spanish retrieved 15 november 2024 ace aceproject org retrieved 15 june 2026 isotalus pekka 2001 presidential campaigning in finland and americanization world communication 30 2 13 ace aceproject org retrieved 15 june 2026 mcbeath jerry 2004 democratization and taiwan s constitutional court american journal of chinese studies 11 1 51 71 issn 2166 0042 kim sunhyuk 2010 collaborative governance in south korea citizen participation in policy making and welfare service provision asian perspective 34 3 166 issn 0258 9184 jstor 42704725 archived from the original on 11 march 2024 retrieved 11 march 2024 africa enacted the parliament of south republic of south africa constitution act 1961 archived from the original on 25 march 2023 retrieved 26 december 2022 africa enacted the parliament of south republic of south africa constitution act 1983 archived from...
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