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germany due to emissions trading coal may become less competitive as a fuel see also international atomic energy agency emissions trading and nuclear energy agency there is a growing academic interest in international energy law 1 including continuing legal education seminars 2 3 treatises 4 5 law reviews 6 and graduate courses 7 in the same line there has been growing interest on energy specific issues and their particular relation with international trade and connected organizations like the world trade organization 8 there are also periodic international meetings such as the world forum on energy regulation africa edit see also communauté électrique du bénin the regional association of energy regulators for eastern and southern africa is an international nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting cooperation between the various countries on energy law policy and development egypt edit egypt s energy in egypt is regulated by the ministry of electricity and renewable energy of egypt which is the government ministry in charge of managing and regulating the generation transmission and distribution of electricity in egypt its headquarters are in cairo the current minister as of 2020 is mohamed shaker 9 the ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree no 147 citation needed the famous aswan high dam which produces electricity is government owned and regulated its construction required the removal of abu simbel temples and the temple of dendur egypt has established a separate power authority to build and operate a nuclear power plant ghana edit see also electricity sector in ghana and nuclear power in ghana ghana has a regulatory body over energy the energy commission nigeria edit main article nigeria energy law nigeria s government owns the nigerian national petroleum corporation the lagos business school has a number of academic offerings related to the legal economic and business management of energy particularly oil and petroleum which is a major sector in nigeria s economic sector nigeria heavily subsidies petrol which mainly benefits rich people 10 on 1 january 2012 the nigerian government headed by president goodluck ebele jonathan tried to cease the subsidy on petrol and deregulate the oil prices by announcing the new price for petrol as us 0 88 litre from the old subsidised price of us 0 406 litre lagos which in areas distant from lagos petrol was priced at us 1 25 litre this led to the longest general strike eight days riots arab spring like protests and on 16 january 2012 the government capitulated by announcing a new price of us 0 60 litre with an envisaged price of us 2 0 litre in distant areas 11 in may 2016 the buhari administration increased fuel prices again to ngn 145 per litre 0 43 at black market rates for the currency 12 in september 2020 the government had announced an increase in the pump price of petrol to ngn 151 56 per litre from ngn 148 13 uganda edit uganda has adopted a new nuclear power law which it hopes will boost technical cooperation between the country and the international atomic energy agency according to a senior agency official from that african country 14 australia edit the energy australia building in sydney main articles energy policy of australia and australian mining law see also anti nuclear movement in australia nuclear power in australia and renewable energy in australia energy is big business in australia australian energy producers represents 98 of the oil and gas producers in australia 15 the main regulator is the australian atomic energy commission bangladesh edit main article ministry of power energy and mineral resources the article above lists all the government controlled corporations of bangladesh see also petrobangla canada edit see also carbon pricing in canada electricity policy of alberta electricity policy of ontario and list of canadian electric utilities canada has an extensive energy law both through the federation and the provinces especially alberta 16 17 18 these include alternative fuels act 1995 c 20 19 cooperative energy act 1980 81 82 83 c 108 20 energy administration act r s 1985 c e 6 21 energy monitoring act r s 1985 c e 8 22 nuclear energy act r s 1985 c a 16 23 canada oil and gas operations act r s 1985 c o 7 24 canada petroleum resources act 1985 c 36 2nd supp 25 national energy board act r s 1985 c n 7 26 electricity and gas inspection act r s 1985 c e 4 27 there is some academic interest in the energy law of canada with looseleaf periodical services 28 monographs 29 and consultation with lawyers specializing in that practice 30 available the supreme court of canada has had issued some canadian energy case law 31 canada s energy laws are so extensive and complicated in large part because of its government owned energy resources the oil sands are gold not only for the oil companies but also for alberta s provincial government which owns the mineral rights to virtually all the land and has encouraged the industry for three quarters of a century robert kunzig national geographic march 2009 p 49 emphasis in original 32 canada and the quebec province also own extensive hydroelectric dam facilities which have generated not only power but controversy 33 china edit main article energy policy of china see also renewable energy in china law of the people s republic of china china national petroleum corporation sinopec and energy in hong kong european union edit main article european union energy policy see also council of european energy regulators european green deal eu energy efficiency directive 2012 renewable energy directive 2018 and energy in the czech republic european energy law has been focused on the legal mechanisms for managing short term disruptions to the continent s energy supply such as germany s 1974 law to secure the energy supply 34 the european integrated hydrogen project was a european union project to integrate united nations economic commission for europe ece guidelines and create a basis of ece regulation of hydrogen vehicles and the necessary infrastructure replacing national legislation and regulations the aim of this project was enhancing of the safety of hydrogen vehicles and harmonizing their licensing and approval process 35 five nations have created the eurobserv er energy consortium the eu has also created an energy community to extend their policies into southeastern europe austuraiu hosts the annual world sustainable energy days the eu regulates motor vehicle emissions see directive 80 1269 eec germany edit main articles german renewable energy sources act energy_in_germany government_energy_policy and german national action plan on energy efficiency germany s renewable energy law the german renewable energy sources act mandates the use of renewable energy through its taxes and tariffs it promotes the development of renewable energy sources via a system of feed in tariffs it regulates the amount of energy generated by the producer and the type of renewable energy source it also creates an incentive to encourage technological advancements and costs 36 the results have been startling on 6 june 2014 more than half of the nation s energy used on that date came from solar power 37 despite regulatory processes adding more renewable energy to its energy mix germany s electric grid has become more reliable not less 38 the german government has proposed abandoning its planned phase out of nuclear energy to help rein in surging electricity prices and protect the environment according to proposals drawn up by an energy task force under economy minister michael glos 39 the german green party has opposed nuclear energy as well as the market power of german utilities claiming the energy shortfall has been artificially created 40 there is significant academic interest in german energy law 41 a chart summarizing german energy legislation is available 42 italy edit main articles energy in italy wind power in italy nuclear power in italy and economy of italy energy and natural resources wind turbines in campania italy has few natural resources lacking substantial deposits of iron coal or oil proven natural gas reserves mainly in the po valley and offshore adriatic constitute the country s most important mineral resource more than 80 of the country s energy sources are imported the energy sector is highly dependent on imports from abroad in 2006 the country imported more than 86 of its total energy consumption 43 44 in the last decade italy has become one of the world s largest producers of renewable energy ranking as the world s fifth largest solar energy producer in 2009 45 46 and the sixth largest producer of wind power in 2008 47 in 1987 after the chernobyl disaster a large majority of italians passed a referendum opting for phasing out nuclear power the government responded by closing existing nuclear power plants and completely putting a halt to the national nuclear program italy also imports about 16 of its electricity need from france for 6 5 gwe which makes it the world s biggest importer of electricity due to its reliance on expensive fossil fuels and imports italians pay approximately 45 more than the eu average for electricity 48 in 2004 a new energy law brought the possibility of joint ventures with foreign companies to build nuclear power plants and import electricity in 2005 italy s power company enel made an agreement with electricite de france for 200 mwe from a nuclear reactor in france and potentially an additional 1 000 mwe from new construction 48 as part of the agreement enel received a 12 5 stake in the project and direct involvement in design construction and operation of the plants in another move enel also bought 66 of the slovak electric utility that operates six nuclear reactors as part of this agreement enel will pay the slovak government eur 1 6 billion to complete a nuclear power plant in mochovce which has a gross output of 942 mwe with these agreements italy has managed to access nuclear power without placing reactors on italian territory 48 lithuania edit the nation of lithuania has an energy law energetikos teisė 49 ukraine edit in ukraine renewable energy projects are supported by a feed in tariff system the law of ukraine on alternative sources of energy 50 refers to alternative energy sources solar wind geothermal hydrothermal marine and hydrokinetic energy hydroelectricity biomass landfill biogas and others ukrainian national energy and utilities regulatory commission 51 and state agency on energy efficiency and energy saving of ukraine 52 are the main renewable energy regulation authorities 53 reforms have been made by ukrainian government in alternative energy sphere there is a need of energy savings services in ukraine 54 its potential reaches about 5 billion eur only in state owned buildings ukraine has a separate regulatory agency to manage the chernobyl exclusion zone other european countries edit albania has an established the albanian institute of oil and gas 55 there is significant geothermal power in iceland about 80 of the nation s energy needs are met by geothermal sources all of which is owned by the government or regulated by it switzerland incorporated a company grande dixence sa to manage their hydroelectric power india edit main article energy policy of india further information u s india civil nuclear agreement and the electricity act 2003 see also oil industry safety directorate ministry of petroleum and natural gas oil and natural gas corporation and cairn energy and government of india dispute see also electricity sector in india nuclear power in india solar power in india wind power in india renewable energy in india and biofuel in india see also petrol stations in india electric vehicle india and taxation in india iraq edit main article iraq oil law 2007 the iraqi oil ministry awards contracts to only a few companies these contracts are called production sharing agreements as of july 2014 there are 23 established oil companies but only 17 banking corporations in iraq israel edit the israel energy sources law 5750 1989 energy law defines what is considered as energy and energy source and its purpose is to regulate the exploitation of energy sources whilst ensuring the efficiently of its use under the energy law certain regulation methods of measurement have been nominated by the israel legislature in order to regulate the efficiency of the use of the energy source in addition to which entity shall be entitled to the pursuit and use of such sources furthermore in israel there are certain additional laws that deal with the use of energy sources such as the natural gas sector law 56 5762 2002 which provides the conditions for the development of the natural gas sphere in israel and the electricity sector law 5756 1996 which established the public utility authority electricity which publishes directives and regulations for the use of renewable electricity sources including solar energy and hydro energy japan edit see also japan oil gas and metals national corporation japanese atomic energy commission nuclear power in japan and energy in japan the 2011 fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster the world s worst nuclear accident since 1986 displaced 50 000 households after radiation leaked into the air soil and sea 57 radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish 58 prior to the earthquake and tsunami of march 2011 and the nuclear disasters that resulted from it japan generated 30 of its electrical power from nuclear reactors and planned to increase that share to 40 59 nuclear energy was a national strategic priority in japan but there had been concern about the ability of japan s nuclear plants to withstand seismic activity the kashiwazaki kariwa nuclear power plant was completely shut down for 21 months following an earthquake in 2007 60 the 2011 earthquake and tsunami caused the failure of cooling systems at the fukushima i nuclear power plant on march 11 and a nuclear emergency was declared 140 000 residents were evacuated the total amount of radioactive material released is unclear as the crisis is ongoing 61 on 6 may 2011 prime minister naoto kan ordered the hamaoka nuclear power plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8 0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years 62 63 64 65 66 problems in stabilizing the fukushima i nuclear plant had hardened attitudes to nuclear power as of june 2011 more than 80 percent of japanese now say they are anti nuclear and distrust government information on radiation 67 68 69 as of october 2011 there have been electricity shortages but japan survived the summer without the extensive blackouts that had been predicted 70 71 72 an energy white paper approved by the japanese cabinet in october 2011 says public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged by the fukushima disaster and calls for a reduction in the nation s reliance on nuclear power 73 many of japan s nuclear pla...
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