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is and europe as well their own it was one in a series of increasingly progressive groups splitting from the art academy in munich including the munich secession in 1892 realist and impressionist phalanx in 1901 postimpressionist neue kunstler vereiningung in 1909 and the blue rider in 1911 artist associated with the latter two groups included the burliuk brothers heinrich campendonk alexej von jawlensky paul klee august macke gabriele münter and marianne von werefkin the euphonious almanac der blaue reiter a collection of influential essays and kandinsky s concerning the spiritual in art with his ideas on non objective art were both published in 1912 the blue rider ended with the outbreak of world war i in which macke and marc both died 218 247 265 263 264 other artists such as oskar kokoschka egon schiele and richard gerstl emerged in austria french artist georges rouault and chaïm soutine had affinities with the movement sculptors include ernst barlach wilhelm lehmbruck gerhard marcks and william wauer architects associated with expressionism include max berg hermann finsterlin johann friedrich höger michel de klerk erich mendelsohn hans poelzig hans scharoun rudolf steiner and bruno taut der sturm the storm 1910 1932 was a magazine with much expressionist content founded by herwarth walden with an associated gallery in berlin opened in 1912 and a theater company and school opened in 1918 films regarded as expressionistic some considered as classics include the cabinet of dr caligari robert wiene 1920 nosferatu f w murnau 1922 and metropolis fritz lang 1927 218 247 265 263 264 after world war i a tendency to withdraw from the avant garde by many artist occurred seen in the work of the original fauvists during the 1920s picasso and stravinsky s neoclassical periods and de chirico s late work this tendency was called new objectivity ca 1919 1933 in germany and in contrast to the nostalgic nature of this work elsewhere it was characterized by disillusionment and ruthless social criticisms new objectivity artists mostly emerged from expressionist and dada milieus including otto dix christian schad rudolf schlichter georg scholz and jeanne mammen max beckmann and george grosz also had some association with new objectivity for a period although not intrinsically expressionistic the staatliches bauhaus school of building 1919 1933 was an influential german school merging crafts decorative and fine arts moving from weimar to dessau to berlin it changed and evolved in focus with time directors included architects walter gropius 1919 1928 hannes meyer 1928 1930 and ludwig mies van der rohe 1930 1933 at various points the faculty included josef albers theo van doesburg lyonel feininger johannes itten paul klee wassily kandinsky el lissitzky gerhard marcks lászló moholy nagy oskar schlemmer bauhaus architects greatly influenced the international style which was characterized by simplified forms a lack of ornamentation a union of design and function and the idea that mass production could be compatible with personal artistic vision as the nazi party rose to power modern art was dubbed degenerate art and the bauhaus was closed in 1933 subduing modernism in germany for several years 218 247 265 263 264 the scream by edvard munch 1893 tempera and crayon on cardboard 91 x 73 5 cm national gallery of norway oslo 266 tower of blue horses by franz marc 1912 ink and guache on card 14 3 x 9 4 cm bavarian state painting collections munich germany 262 composition vii by wassily kandinsky 1913 oil on canvas 2 x 3 m tretyakov gallery moscow russia 267 the einstein tower potsdam near berlin germany 1920 1924 by erich mendelsohn 268 actor s mask by paul klee 1924 oil on canvas mounted on board 36 7 x 33 8 cm museum of modern art new york city 269 cubism c 1907 1914 edit main article cubism cubism consisted in the rejection of perspective which leads to a new organisation of space where viewpoints multiply producing a fragmentation of the object that renders the predilection for form over the content of the representation obvious pablo picasso georges braque and other cubist artists were inspired by the sculptures of iberia africa and oceania exhibited in the louvre and the ethnographic museum in the trocadéro and which were being offered at flee markets and in sale rooms a picasso studies an object the way a surgeon dissects a corpse wrote the critic and poet guillaume apollinaire in 1913 five years earlier pablo picasso and georges braque friends colleagues and rivals had begun to reject perspectival realism for a form of artistic autopsy an utterly revolutionary painting style that looked inside and around objects presenting them analytically objectively and completely impersonally 270 les demoiselles d avignon by pablo picasso 1907 oil on canvas 2 43 2 3 m museum of modern art 270 violin and pitcher by georges braque 1909 1910 oil on canvas 1 17 x 0 73 cm kunstmuseum basel basel switzerland 270 the eiffel tower by robert delaunay 1911 oil on canvas 2 02 x 1 38 m solomon r guggenheim museum new york city 271 breakfast by juan gris 1914 gouache oil and crayon on cut and pasted printed paper on canvas 80 9 x 59 7 cm museum of modern art new york city 271 art deco c 1920 1940 edit main article art deco art deco appeared in france as a style of luxury and modernity soon it spread quickly throughout the world most dramatically in america becoming more streamlined through the 1930s the style was named after the international exhibition of modern decorative and industrial arts held in paris in 1925 its exuberance and fantasy captured the spirit of the roaring 20s and provided an escape from the realities of the great depression during the 1930s it had ancient greek roman african aztec and japanese influences but also futurist cubist and bauhaus ones it sometimes blended with the egyptian revival style due to the discovery in 1922 of the tomb of tutankhamun and the egyptomania that it caused two examples of this are le louxor cinema in paris 1919 1921 by henri zipcy and the egyptian theatre in dekalb illinois us 1929 1930 by elmer f behrns in decorative arts including architecture low relief designs and angular patterns and shapes were used predominant materials include chrome brass polished steel and aluminum inlaid wood stone and stained glass some of the most important art deco artists are the paris based polish painter tamara de lempicka the ukrainian born french poster artist adolphe jean marie mouron known as cassandre and the french furniture designer and interior decorator émile jacques ruhlmann 272 273 surrealism c 1924 1966 edit surrealism emerged as a faction of dada formally announcing its inception in 1924 with andré breton s manifesto of surrealism 274 originally a literary group of poets and writers in paris it soon developed into an international movement that included painters sculptors photographers and filmmakers a second manifeste du surréalisme was published in 1929 275 surrealism did not have significant expression in applied or decorative arts architecture or music although a few isolated examples could be identified e g chess sets furniture and las pozas the small and short lived metaphysical school c 1910 1921 with giorgio de chirico as its principal figure was highly influential on surrealism the surrealist explored a myriad of innovative techniques some had recently been developed in cubism and dada others were new including collage found objects assemblage random chance rayographs photograms painting on sand dripping and flinging paint decalcomania frottage fumage and raclage two fundamental approaches predominate surrealist art automatism dominated in the early years which can be seen in the work of artist like andré masson and joan miró other artists swayed by work of giorgio de chirico used more traditional methods and mediums to illustrate unfiltered thoughts and incongruous juxtapositions including salvador dalí and rené magritte significant artist include jean arp hans bellmer victor brauner luis buñuel joseph cornell óscar domínguez max ernst wifredo lam yves tanguy man ray alberto giacometti méret oppenheim and roberto matta other important artist informally accosted with surrealism include marcel duchamp pablo picasso and frida kahlo surrealist ideas and theories were discussed in a successive series of journals la révolution surréaliste 1924 1929 le surrealisme au service de la revolution 1930 1933 minotaure 1933 1939 vvv 1942 1944 the automatic paintings produced by andré masson and joan miró as well as latecomers to surrealism like roberto matta and arshile gorky had a considerable influence on the abstract expressionist in the late 1940s 276 277 278 279 280 281 with a measure of dada s irreverence and contempt for the traditional political religious and bourgeois values of western culture that they believed had led the world into the first world war breton and other founding members were veterans the surrealist explored the possibilities that had been opened up by sigmund freud regarding the subconscious mind pure psychic automatism by which one intends to express verbally in writing or by any other method the real functioning of the mind dictation by thought in the absence of any control exercised by reason and beyond any aesthetic or moral preoccupation 274 surrealism sought to express pure thought unfiltered and uncensored by political religious moral or rational principles 276 277 278 279 280 281 the song of love by giorgio de chirico 1914 oil on canvas 73 x 59 1 cm museum of modern art new york city 282 the elephant celebes by max ernst 1921 oil on canvas 125 4 107 9 cm tate modern london mid and late 20th century edit main articles abstract expressionism pop art minimalism visual arts conceptual art modern architecture and postmodern architecture as europe struggled to recover from world war ii america moved into a position of political economic and cultural strength during the 1940s and 1950s abstract expressionism emerged as the first specifically american art movement to have an international impact in consequence the art world s focus shifted from europe to new york abstract expressionists were a small group of loosely associated artists who had similar outlooks but different approaches they were influenced by surrealism and believed in spontaneity freedom of expression and abandonment of the themes of american life that had characterized national art of recent decades one of the most famous representatives of this movement was jackson pollock known for his painting made by pouring flicking and dripping paint on to huge canvases on the ground other artists include willem de kooning franz kline robert motherwell barnett newman mark rothko and clyfford still after world war ii consumerism and the mass media surged and as a result pop art developed in both london and new york in a london exhibition in 1956 the word pop was used in a collage created by richard hamilton 1922 2011 made of american magazines pop art was a reaction against abstract expressionism and interpreted ideas of pop culture in celebrating and commenting on consumerism pop artists as they became known produced colorful images based on advertising the media and shopping featuring film stars comic strips flags packaging and food things that everyone rather than just a highbrow few could relate to the term minimalism was not new but it gained momentum in the 1960s specifically describing a style of art characterized by detached restraint originating in new york it was a reaction against abstract expressionism but it also embraced constructivist ideas that art should be made of modern materials thus minimalist artists primarily sculptors often used non traditional materials and production methods often employing industrial or specialist fabricators to produce works to their specifications the term was chiefly used to describe a group of american sculptors who re evaluated the space around them aiming to challenge assumptions and present familiar objects in new ways their artworks don t have any symbolism or hidden meaning as they try to enable viewers to re evaluate art and space around forms unlike a figural sculpture on which the viewer focuses to the exclusion of the room in which it stands minimalist art becomes one with its space by focusing on the effects of context and the theatricality of the viewing experience minimalism exerted an indirect but powerful influence on later developments in conceptual and performance art as well as providing a foil for the rise of postmodernism despite developing almost 50 years after marcel duchamp s ideas conceptual art showed that art does not always have to be judged aesthetically it was never a single cohesive movement but an umbrella term that now covers several types of art and emerged more or less concurrently in america and europe first defined in new york conceptual artists promote the art of ideas or concepts suggesting that they can be more valid in the modern world than technical skill or aesthetics no matter the art media of an artwork it is considered as no more than a vehicle for presenting the concept at its most extreme conceptual art foregoes the physical object completely using verbal or written message to convey the idea 283 284 285 traditionally many creative acts such as sewing weaving and quilting have been considered as women s work described as crafts and denied the cachet and public recognition of so called high or fine arts such as sculpture and painting many artists have now challenged this hierarchy by either expanding the scope of a fine art such as sculpture by creating soft sculptures using unconventional materials and practices or by reclaiming and redefining the materials and methods of so called craftwork publicly exhibiting their work in museums and galleries and thus elevating the status of the decorative and applied arts 286 artists of the twentieth and twenty first centuries effecting this radical change include maria martinez anni albers lucie rie lenore tawney louise bourgeois miriam schapiro faith ringgold magdalena abakanowicz sheila hicks marva lee pitchford jolly judy chicago and dindga mccannon ikb 191 by yves klein 1962 the boxers by keith haring 1987 el cap de barcelona by roy lichtenstein 1991 1992 modernism edit main article modernism further information modernist art this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information august 2026 see also edit history portal the arts portal history of animation history of asian art history of film history of literature history of music history of nude art history of painting history of photography history of poetry history of theatre history of video games list of art movements list of french artistic movements periods in western art history timeline for invention in the arts timeline of art women artists notes edit henshilwood christopher et al 2002 emergence of modern human behavior m...
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