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ileum wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 structure toggle structure subsection 1 1 histology 1 2 development 2 function 3 clinical significance 4 other animals 5 references 6 external links toggle the table of contents ileum 57 languages afrikaans العربية বাংলা bosanski català čeština чӑвашла cymraeg deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français galego עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia ido íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa 한국어 کٲشُر kurdî latina limburgs lietuvių latviešu bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål kapampangan polski português română русский srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenčina slovenščina српски srpski sunda svenska ไทย tagalog türkçe українська tiếng việt winaray 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia final section of the small intestine not to be confused with ilium ileum small intestine the cecal fossa the ileum and cecum are drawn backward and upward details precursor midgut artery ileal arteries ileocolic artery vein ileal veins nerve celiac ganglia vagus 1 identifiers latin ileum mesh d007082 ta98 a05 6 04 001 ta2 2959 fma 7208 anatomical terminology edit on wikidata major parts of the gastrointestinal tract upper gastrointestinal tract mouth pharynx esophagus stomach duodenum lower gastrointestinal tract small intestine jejunum ileum large intestine cecum appendix ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon rectum anus see also gastrointestinal wall human digestive system anatomical terminology outline of human anatomy v t e the ileum ˈ ɪ l i əm is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates including mammals reptiles and birds in fish the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum 2 its main function is to absorb vitamin b 12 bile salts and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum the ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve icv in humans the ileum is about 2 4 m long and the ph is usually between 7 and 8 neutral or slightly basic ileum is derived from the greek word εἰλεός eileós referring to a medical condition known as ileus citation needed structure edit the ileum is the third and final part of the small intestine it follows the jejunum and ends at the ileocecal junction where the terminal ileum communicates with the cecum of the large intestine through the ileocecal valve the ileum along with the jejunum is suspended inside the mesentery a peritoneal formation that carries the blood vessels supplying them the superior mesenteric artery and vein lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers 3 there is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum there are however subtle differences between the two 3 the ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the jejunum the diameter of its lumen is smaller and has thinner walls than the jejunum its circular folds are smaller and absent in the terminal part of the ileum while the length of the intestinal tract contains lymphoid tissue only the ileum has abundant peyer s patches unencapsulated lymphoid nodules that contain large numbers of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system histology edit main article gastrointestinal wall the four layers that make up the wall of the ileum are consistent with those of the gastrointestinal tract from the inner to the outer surface these are 4 589 a mucous membrane itself formed by three different layers a single layer of tall cells that line the lumen of the organ the epithelium that forms the innermost part of the mucosa has five distinct types of cells that serve different purposes enterocytes with microvilli which digest and absorb nutrients goblet cells which secrete mucin a substance that lubricates the wall of the organ paneth cells most common in the terminal part of the ileum are only found at the bottom of the intestinal glands and release antimicrobial substances such as alpha defensins and lysozyme 5 microfold cells which take up and transport antigens from the lumen to lymphatic cells of the lamina propria and enteroendocrine cells which secrete hormones an underlying lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue and containing germinal centers and large aggregates of lymphoid tissue called peyer s patches which are a distinctive feature of the ileum 4 589 a thin layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae a submucosa formed by dense irregular connective tissue that carries the larger blood vessels and a nervous component called submucosal plexus which is part of the enteric nervous system an external muscular layer formed by two layers of smooth muscle arranged in circular bundles in the inner layer and in longitudinal bundles in the outer layer between the two layers is the myenteric plexus formed by nervous tissue and also a part of the enteric nervous system a serosa composed of mesothelium a single layer of flat cells with varying quantities of underlying connective and adipose tissue this layer represents the visceral peritoneum and is continuous with the mesentery 4 571 general structure of the gut wall brunner s glands are not found in the ileum but are a distinctive feature of the duodenum goblet cells in the wall of an ileum vili at its sides enterocytes are visible over a core of lamina propria cross section of ileum with a peyer s patch circled cross section histology of intestinal villi of the human terminal ileum development edit the small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube 6 by the fifth week of embryological life the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate forming a u shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop the proximal half of this loop will form the ileum the loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus by week 10 the loop retracts back into the abdomen between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise as viewed from the front of the embryo it rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen this process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine 6 in the fetus the ileum is connected to the navel by the vitelline duct in roughly 2 4 of humans this duct fails to close during the first seven weeks after birth leaving a remnant called meckel s diverticulum 7 function edit the main function of the ileum is to absorb vitamin b 12 bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum the wall itself is made up of folds each of which has many tiny finger like projections known as villi on its surface in turn the epithelial cells that line these villi possess even larger numbers of microvilli therefore the ileum has an extremely large surface area both for the adsorption attachment of enzyme molecules and for the absorption of products of digestion the dnes diffuse neuroendocrine system cells of the ileum secrete various hormones gastrin secretin cholecystokinin into the blood cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the protease and carbohydrase enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion into the lumen of the intestine these enzymes are present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells the villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver lacteals are small lymph vessels and are present in villi they absorb fatty acid and glycerol the products of fat digestion layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the chyme partly digested food and water to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis the remaining chyme is passed to the colon clinical significance edit the ileum is of importance in medicine as it can be affected in a number of diseases 8 including crohn s disease tuberculosis lymphoma neuroendocrine tumors carcinoid other animals edit in veterinary anatomy the ileum is distinguished from the jejunum by being that portion of the jejunoileum that is connected to the caecum by the ileocecal fold the ileum is the short termi of the small intestine and the connection to the large intestine it is suspended by the caudal part of the mesentery mesoileum and is attached in addition to the cecum by the ileocecal fold the ileum terminates at the cecocolic junction of the large intestine forming the ileal orifice in the dog the ileal orifice is located at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra in the ox in the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae in the sheep and goat at the level of the caudal point of the costal arch 9 by active muscular contraction of the ileum and closure of the ileal opening as a result of engorgement the ileum prevents the backflow of ingesta and the equalization of pressure between jejunum and the base of the cecum disturbance of this sensitive balance is not uncommon and is one of the causes of colic in horses during any intestinal surgery for instance during appendectomy distal 2 feet of ileum should be checked for the presence of meckel s diverticulum references edit nosek thomas m section 6 6ch2 s6ch2_30 essentials of human physiology archived from the original on 2016 03 24 guillaume jean praxis publishing sadasivam kaushik pierre bergot robert metailler 2001 nutrition and feeding of fish and crustaceans springer p 31 isbn 1 85233 241 7 retrieved 2009 01 09 a b moore kl dalley af agur am 2013 clinically oriented anatomy 7th ed lippincott williams wilkins pp 241 246 isbn 978 1 4511 8447 1 a b c ross m pawlina w 2011 histology a text and atlas sixth edition lippincott williams wilkins isbn 978 0 7817 7200 6 santaolalla r fukata m abreu mt 2011 innate immunity in the small intestine current opinion in gastroenterology 27 12 125 131 doi 10 1097 mog 0b013e3283438dea pmc 3502877 pmid 21248635 a b schoenwolf gary c bleyl steven b brauer philip r francis west philippa h 2009 development of the urogenital system larsen s human embryology 4th ed philadelphia churchill livingstone elsevier p 237 isbn 9780443068119 sagar j kumar v shah d k 2006 meckel s diverticulum a systematic review journal of the royal society of medicine 99 10 501 505 doi 10 1177 014107680609901011 pmc 1592061 pmid 17021300 cuvelier c demetter p mielants h veys e m de vos m jan 2001 interpretation of ileal biopsies morphological features in normal and diseased mucosa histopathology 38 1 1 12 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2559 2001 01070 x pmid 11135039 s2cid 28873753 nickel r shummer a seiferle e 1979 the viscera of the domestic mammals 2nd edn springer verlag new york usa page needed external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to ileum look up ileum in wiktionary the free dictionary anatomy photo 37 11 0101 at the suny downstate medical center abdominal cavity the jejunum and the ileum anatomy image 7787 at the suny downstate medical center anatomy image 8755 at the suny downstate medical center histology image 12001oca histology learning system at boston university ileal villi at endoatlas com ileum microscopic cross section at nhmccd edu ileum 20x at deltagen com v t e anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract excluding the mouth upper pharynx muscles spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral pterygomandibular raphe pharyngeal raphe buccopharyngeal fascia pharyngobasilar fascia pyriform sinus esophagus sphincters upper lower glands crop stomach curvatures greater lesser angular incisure cardia body fundus pylorus gastric mucosa gastric folds microanatomy gastric pits gastric glands cardiac glands fundic glands pyloric glands foveolar cells parietal cells gastric chief cells enterochromaffin like cells lower small intestine microanatomy intestinal villi microvilli intestinal glands enterocytes enteroendocrine cells goblet cells paneth cells duodenum suspensory muscle major duodenal papilla minor duodenal papilla duodenojejunal flexure brunner s glands jejunum no substructures ileum ileocecal valve peyer s patches microfold cells large intestine cecum appendix colon ascending colon hepatic flexure transverse colon splenic flexure descending colon sigmoid colon continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix rectum transverse folds ampulla anal canal anus anal columns anal valves anal sinuses pectinate line internal anal sphincter anocutaneous line external anal sphincter wall serosa adventitia subserosa muscular layer submucosa circular folds mucosa muscularis mucosa authority control databases terminologia anatomica retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title ileum oldid 1346506714 category small intestine hidden categories wikipedia articles needing page number citations from june 2015 articles with short description short description is different from wikidata all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from september 2024 commons category link from wikidata this page was last edited on 1 april 2026 at 05 52 utc text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is 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