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ardh, shoar, amir, kabir, قسمت, داخلی, شهرهایی, آنان, فرمانروای, آنجا, هستند, ارامنه, قطع, گردیده, کلی, تحت, حکومت, پادشاهان, اسلامی, شهرها, ارجیش, منازجرد, خلاط, حدود, بردعه, مغرب, جزیره, جنوب, شما, نواحی, روم, سمت, قالیقالا, محدود, mehdi, marashi, america, honor, ibex, 255, tajaddod, sina, 1967, الفهرست, فهلوی, نام, نهاده, شده, پنج, شهر, اصفهان, همدان, ماه, شهرهای, مداین, درباریان, پادشاه, گفتند, غالب, كلامی, موبدان, علما, مانند, ایشان, خوزی, زبانی, ملوك, اشراف, خلوت, مواضع, لعب, لذت, ندیمان, حاشیت, وگو, كنند, سریانی, سواد, رانند, اسحاق, فهرست, تجدد, سینا, 1346, com, accessed, 2007, فأما, الفهلویة, فمنسوب, اسم, یقع, على, خمسة, بلدان, أصفهان, وهمدان, وماه, وأذربیجان, الدریة, فلغة, مدن, المدائن, وبها, بباب, الملك, منسوبة, حاضرة, والغالب, علیها, والمشرق, الفارسیة, فتكلم, الموابدة, والعلماء, وأشباههم, الخوزیة, فبها, الملوك, والأشراف, الخلوة, ومواضع, اللعب, واللذة, ومع, الحاشیة, السریانیة, فكان, السواد, والمكاتبة, نوع, بالسریانی, 599, professor, ighrar, shaadman, yusuf, aturpatakan, 224, 1941, 158, 1890, 1946, singh, samiuddin, global, vision, house, 87746, encyclopaedic, historiography, 169, stilo, 1971, diss, michigan, grammar, application, transformational, computer, model, 496, dalby, andrew, columbia, 11568, 156, dictionary, definitive, reference, than, 400, 1998a, charles, 89500, 104, mediaeval, 1925, zabān, baqī, fārsī, qadīm, āḏarbāyjān, majalle, āyandeh, recovery, study, yāqūt, ḥamawī, muʿjam, describes, highland, unintelligible, cited, 1937, 1st, shah, ismail, bulletin, school, oriental, african, hekayat, safi, demonstrating, qūb, kitāb, 276, 2009, dialectology, discussion, continuity, antiquity, period, descends, medes, majales, chelebi, traveled, converse, mughayr, hamdollah, mostowfi, harzand, 20th, biri, burah, needed, hussain, karbali, regards, khwajah, abdur, azh, abaadi, ولی, ترجیع, پنجم, درنیایم, دستوری, بفرماید, گوید, باغم, زنبوری, خونت, عسل, گردد, مومت, شود, نوری, rumi, mouth, probably, mystical, woman, occurs, manuscript, preserved, turkey, concerning, shrines, saints, fourteen, 809, 1406, maghrebi, رُورُم, بجولان, کُو, بَمَن, خَد, شدیم, بدامش, هیزا, اَوُو, qet, 838, 1434, نَهَند, خُشتی, بَخُشتی, بَنا, کَه, دستِ, گیژی, پیغمبران, خُو, کِی, محمدمصطفی, titled, fahlavvviyat, 677, 1278, born, kojjan, korjan, village, near, rood, especially, larestani, killed, your, perish, اسکندر, رودم, کشتی, رودت, کشاد, roodam, koshti, roodat, koshaad, pir, zehtab, addressing, qara, qoyunlu, ruler, علیشاه, آمد, گستاخ, وار, کنار, گرفت, حاضر, باش, بصرف, بگو, حریفت, رسیده, گفتن, کتف, مبارک, غیرت, کرد, harif, zhaatah, بزبان, حریفر, ژاته, bazzaz, ardabili, safvat, safa, دَچَان, چوچرخ, نکویت, ایر, رهشه, مهر, دورش, چَو, کارده, شکویت, ولَول, ودَارد, سَر, یَوه, بقهر, اره, میر, دون, زون, هنرمند, پروکری, اَنزوتون, منی, هزیوه, اکیژ, بحتَ, ورامرو, هانزمَویتی, ژژور, منشی, بخت, اهون, قدریوه, استه, نبوتی, روزو, ورو, فوتی, واش, خللیوه, زمم, بورضی, ربوه, portion, brought, eye, neither, towards, pre, eternity, nor, createdness, چندانک, فرج, عالم, آورده, قِدَم, himself, انانک, قده, فرجشون, فعالم, آندره, اووارادا, چاشمش, قدم, کینستا, discovery, peculiar, compiled, expression, mystic, baba, face, pleasant, وهار, دیم, یار, اوی, یاران, وهاران, transliteration, wahar, wol, dim, yaar, khwash, awi, yaaraan, wul, wahaaraan, couplets, reads, بدیذم, مستت, رفتم, كوام, آذر, دلی, كویا, بتی, مست, رفت, دانم, روژی, مهرت, بشی, گیانم, زندگی, عبارت, لوانت, لاود, جمن, دیل, گیان, بست, دمی, عاشق, مهربان, كزی, مهرورزی, عشق, همام, جان, برآیذ, مواژش, بوان, بمرت, وارست, كرم, ابری, بشم, بوینی, بویت, خته, بام, ژاهنام, macaronic, mula, tabrizians, fortunate, wealthy, uncouth, clothes, fresh, grapes, ripped, fruit, basket, hamdullah, mustuwafi, extant, phrases, variety, bemoans, parsi, nightingale, flower, minstrel, her, heart, بلبل, سان, مطرب, بیدل, فراز, پارسی, نوازد, گاهی, زند, interesting, mentioning, fact, qatran, did, continued, breed, notably, particular, line, dynasties, officially, adopt, 875, thus, comes, refers, royal, poets, protagonists, patrons, flourished, saffarid, mongol, armies, tribes, increased, hand, 1340s, maraqa, mughayyar, mostowafi, raast, gushtaspi, covering, border, shirvan, zakariya, qazvini, report, athar, bilad, 1275, town, escaped, taken, over, beirut, 1960, 339, infer, aloof, yaqubi, mixture, ajams, ajam, developed, mean, javedanis, followers, shahrak, leader, succeeded, khorramdin, javidan, big, beards, attractive, arminya, armenian, ran, ranian, understandable, khurasanian, sound, albanian, arran, late, considers, ajamyya, convoluted, monqaleq, named, persians, borders, mahat, aran, bayleqan, ray, tabaristan, masqat, shabaran, jorjan, abarshahr, nishabur, herat, marv, places, land, sejistan, kerman, ahvaz, kingdom, sovereign, although, differed, slightly, however, letters, composition, then, different, khorasan, darband, 896, 956, hasan, husayn, areas, controlled, muslims, christians, farssya, binds, faressya
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following way 35 fahlavi was a dialect which kings spoke in their assemblies and it is related to fahleh this name is used to designate five cities of iran esfahan rey hamadan man nahavand and azerbaijan persian is a dialect which was spoken by the clergy zoroastrian and those who associated with them and is the language of the cities of fars dari is the dialect of the cities of ctesiphon and was spoken in the kings dabariyan courts the root of its name is related to its use darbar court is implied in dar the vocabulary of the natives of balkh was dominant in this language which includes the dialects of the eastern peoples khuzi is associated with the cities of khuzistan where kings and dignitaries used it in private conversation and during leisure time in the bath houses for instance ibn hawqal states 12 the language of the people of azerbaijan and most of the people of armenia is iranian al farssya which binds them together while arabic is also used among them among those who speak al faressya here he seemingly means persian spoken by the elite of the urban population there are few who do not understand arabic and some merchants and landowners are even adept in it ibn hawqal mentions that some areas of armenia are controlled by muslims and others by christians 36 abu al hasan ali ibn al husayn al masudi 896 956 the arab historian states the persians are a people whose borders are the mahat mountains and azarbaijan up to armenia and aran and bayleqan and darband and ray and tabaristan and masqat and shabaran and jorjan and abarshahr and that is nishabur and herat and marv and other places in land of khorasan and sejistan and kerman and fars and ahvaz all these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language although the language differed slightly the language however is one in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition there are then different languages such as pahlavi dari azari as well as other persian languages 37 al moqaddasi died late 10th century considers azerbaijan as part of the 8th division of lands he states the languages of the 8th division is iranian al ajamyya it is partly dari and partly convoluted monqaleq and all of them are named persian 38 al moqaddasi also writes on the general region of armenia arran and azerbaijan and states 39 they have big beards their speech is not attractive in arminya they speak armenian in al ran ranian the caucasian albanian language their persian is understandable and is close to khurasanian dari persian in sound ahmad ibn yaqubi mentions that the people of azerbaijan are a mixture of azari ajams ajam is a term that developed to mean iranian and old javedanis followers of javidan the son of shahrak who was the leader of khurramites and succeeded by babak khorramdin 40 zakariya b mohammad qazvini s report in athar al bilad composed in 1275 that no town has escaped being taken over by the turks except tabriz beirut ed 1960 p 339 one may infer that at least tabriz had remained aloof from the influence of turkish until the time 12 from the time of the mongol invasion most of whose armies were composed of turkic tribes the influence of turkish increased in the region on the other hand the old iranian dialects remained prevalent in major cities hamdallah mostawafi writing in the 1340s calls the language of maraqa as modified pahlavi pahlavi ye mughayyar mostowafi calls the language of zanjan pahlavi ye raast the language of gushtaspi covering the caspian border region between gilan to shirvan is called a pahlavi language close to the language of gilan 41 following the islamic conquest of iran middle persian also known as pahlavi continued to be used until the 10th century when it was gradually replaced by a new breed of persian language most notably dari the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce thus dari is considered the continuation of middle persian which was prevalent in the early islamic era of western iran the name dari comes from the word دربار which refers to the royal court where many of the poets protagonists and patrons of the literature flourished the iranian dialect of tabriz edit according to jean during the inhabitants of tabriz did not speak turkish in the 15th century 42 the language of tabriz being an iranian language was not the standard khurasani dari qatran tabrizi 11th century has an interesting couplet mentioning this fact 43 بلبل به سان مطرب بیدل فراز گل گه پارسی نوازد گاهی زند دری translation the nightingale is on top of the flower like a minstrel who has lost her his heart it bemoans sometimes in parsi persian and sometimes in dari khurasani persian there are extant words phrases sentences and poems attested in the old iranian dialect of tabriz in a variety of books and manuscripts 44 hamdullah mustuwafi 14th century mentions a sentence in the language of tabriz 45 تبارزه اگر صاحب حُسنی را با لباس ناسزا یابند گویند انگور خلوقی بی چه در درّ سوه اندرین یعنی انگور خلوقی انگوری مرغوب است در سبد دریده the tabrizians have a phrase when they see a fortunate and wealthy man in a uncouth clothes he is like fresh grapes in a ripped fruit basket a macaronic mula ma which is popular in persian poetry where some verses are in one language and another in another language poem from homam tabrizi where some verses are in khorasani dari persian and others are in the dialect of tabriz 46 بدیذم چشم مستت رفتم اژ دست كوام و آذر دلی كویا بتی مست دل ام خود رفت و می دانم كه روژی به مهرت هم بشی خوش گیانم اژ دست به آب زندگی ای خوش عبارت لوانت لاود جمن دیل و گیان بست دمی بر عاشق خود مهربان شو كزی سر مهرورزی كست و نی كست به عشق ات گر همام از جان برآیذ مواژش كان بوان بمرت وارست كرم خا و ابری بشم بوینی به بویت خته بام ژاهنام another ghazal from homam tabrizi where all the couplets except the last couplet is in persian the last couplet reads 47 وهار و ول و دیم یار خوش بی اوی یاران مه ول بی مه وهاران transliteration wahar o wol o dim yaar khwash bi awi yaaraan mah wul bi mah wahaaraan translation the spring and flowers and the face of the friend are all pleasant but without the friend there are no flowers or a spring another recent discovery by the name of safina yi tabriz has given sentences from native of tabriz in their peculiar iranian dialect the work was compiled during the ilkhanid era a sample expression from the mystic baba faraj tabrizi in the safina 48 انانک قده ی فرجشون فعالم آندره اووارادا چاشمش نه پیف قدم کینستا نه پیف حدوث standard persian translated by the author of safina himself چندانک فرج را در عالم آورده اند چشم او نه بر قِدَم افتاده است نه بر حدوث modern english they brought faraj in this world in such a way that his eye is neither towards pre eternity nor upon createdness the safina written in the ilkhanid era contains many poems and sentences from the old regional dialect of azerbaijan another portion of the safina contains a direct sentence in what the author has called zaban i tabriz dialect language of tabriz 49 دَچَان چوچرخ نکویت مو ایر رهشه مهر دورش چَو ِش دَ کارده شکویت ولَول ودَارد سَر ِ یَوه پَری بقهر اره میر دون جو پور زون هنرمند پروکری اَنزوتون منی که آن هزیوه اکیژ بحتَ ورامرو کی چرخ هانزمَویتی ژژور منشی چو بخت اهون قدریوه نه چرخ استه نبوتی نه روزو ورو فوتی زو ِم چو واش خللیوه زمم حو بورضی ربوه a sentence in the dialect of tabriz the author calls zaban i tabriz dialect language of tabriz recorded and also translated by ibn bazzaz ardabili in the safvat al safa 50 علیشاه چو در آمد گستاخ وار شیخ را در کنار گرفت و گفت حاضر باش بزبان تبریزی گو حریفر ژاته یعنی سخن بصرف بگو حریفت رسیده است در این گفتن دست بر کتف مبارک شیخ زد شیخ را غیرت سر بر کرد the sentence gu harif a e r zhaatah is mentioned in tabrizi dialect a sentence in the dialect of tabriz by pir zehtab tabrizi addressing the qara qoyunlu ruler eskandar 43 اسکندر رودم کشتی رودت کشاد eskandar roodam koshti roodat koshaad eskandar you killed my son may your son perish the word rood for son is still used in some iranian dialects especially the larestani dialect and other dialects around fars four quatrains titled fahlavvviyat from khwaja muhammad kojjani died 677 1278 79 born in kojjan or korjan a village near tabriz recorded by abd al qader maraghi 44 51 a sample of one of the four quatrains from khwaja muhammad kojjani همه کیژی نَهَند خُشتی بَخُشتی بَنا اج چو کَه دستِ گیژی وَنیژه همه پیغمبران خُو بی و چو کِی محمدمصطفی کیژی وَنیژه two qet as poems quoted by abd al qader maraghi in the dialect of tabriz died 838 1434 35 ii p 142 44 51 a sample of one these poems رُورُم پَری بجولان نو کُو بَمَن وُرارده وی خَد شدیم بدامش هیزا اَوُو وُرارده a ghazal and fourteen quatrains under the title of fahlaviyat by the poet maghrebi tabrizi died 809 1406 7 44 52 a text probably by mama esmat tabrizi a mystical woman poet of tabriz died 15th century which occurs in a manuscript preserved in turkey concerning the shrines of saints in tabriz 12 53 a phrase buri buri which in persian means biya biya or in english come come is mentioned by rumi from the mouth of shams tabrizi in this poem ولی ترجیع پنجم درنیایم جز به دستوری که شمس الدین تبریزی بفرماید مرا بوری مرا گوید بیا بوری که من باغم تو زنبوری که تا خونت عسل گردد که تا مومت شود نوری the word buri is mentioned by hussain tabrizi karbali with regards to the shaykh khwajah abdur rahim azh abaadi as to come 54 in the harzandi dialect of harzand in azerbaijan as well as the karingani dialect of azerbaijan both recorded in the 20th century the two words biri and burah means to come and are of the same root 55 clarification needed on the language of maragheh edit hamdollah mostowfi of the 13th century mentions the language of maragheh as pahlavi mughayr modified pahlavi 56 the 17th century ottoman turkish traveler evliya chelebi who traveled to safavid iran also states the majority of the women in maragheh converse in pahlavi 43 according to the encyclopedia of islam 57 at the present day the inhabitants speak adhar turkish but in the 14th century they still spoke arabicized pahlawi nuzhat al qolub pahlawi mu arrab which means an iranian dialect of the north western group see also edit azari or the ancient language of azerbaijan languages of azerbaijan languages of iran tati iran safina yi tabriz nozhat al majales references edit yarshater ehsan 1988 azerbaijan vii the iranian language of azerbaijan encyclopaedia iranica vol iii fasc 3 new york encyclopaedia iranica foundation the iranian language of azerbaijan descends from the speech of the ancient medes windfuhr gernot 2009 dialectology and topics in gernot windfuhr ed the iranian languages london routledge contains discussion of northwestern iranian dialect continuity from antiquity through the islamic period ya qūbī ahmad ibn abī ya qūb 891 ce kitāb al buldān quoted in yarshater e encyclopaedia iranica the name āḏarī is first attested in the work of ya qūbī 276 891 minorsky vladimir 1957 the poetry of shah ismail bulletin of the school of oriental and african studies 19 1 includes linguistic notes on hekayat e shaykh safi demonstrating northwestern iranian āḏarī tati like features yāqūt al ḥamawī 13th century muʿjam al buldān describes the people of highland azerbaijan as speaking a form of persian that was unintelligible cited in minorsky v 1937 azerbaijan encyclopaedia of islam 1st ed kasravi aḥmad 1925 zabān e āḏarī yā baqī ye fārsī e qadīm dar āḏarbāyjān tehran majalle ye āyandeh early linguistic recovery study of surviving āḏarī features in regional speech and manuscripts hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds 2026 adharic glottolog 5 3 jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds 2026 adhari glottolog 5 3 jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds 2026 adhari glottolog 5 3 jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history paul ludwig 1998a the position of zazaki among west iranian languages in melville 1999 charles melville ed proceedings of the third european conference of iranian studies mediaeval and modern persian studies reichert isbn 978 3 89500 104 8 dalby andrew 1998 dictionary of languages the definitive reference to more than 400 languages columbia university press p 156 isbn 978 0 231 11568 1 p 496 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 yarshater 1988 pp 238 245 hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds 2026 adharic glottolog 5 3 jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history henning 1954 p 174 175 on the other side harzanī is related to zaza one may instance the existence of two genuine plural cases in both languages the ablative postposition ri zaza rā the negative prefix in čini ya it is not zaza činyö činya many characteristic words such as harzani öšma moon zaza āšma the nearest related word being tāliši ovšįm vašna it shines zaza väšena gen both to take and to fall in harzani and zaza rau quick in both languages vondor to stand zaza vindär and vafsi vender a verb known this is merely a small selection of the many coincidences some of them exclusive that can be quoted they leave no doubt that harzani takes its place between tāliši and zaza markwart josef 1927 np ädina freitag ungarische jahrbücher vii 1 berlin leipzig walter de gruyter 110 das alte adari oder eine mundart desselben noch fortlebt in der sprache der dumbäll dem sog zäzä the old adari or a dialect of it still survives in the language of the dumbäll the so called zäzä 1 2 hadank 1932 p 5 lockwood william burley 1972 a panorama of indo european languages london hutchinson p 243 henning 1954 p 174 175 on the other side harzanī is related to zaza one may instance the existence of two genuine plural cases in both languages the ablative postposition ri zaza rā the negative prefix in čini ya it is not zaza činyö činya many characteristic words such as harzani öšma moon zaza āšma the nearest related word being tāliši ovšįm vašna it shines zaza väšena gen both to take and to fall in harzani and zaza rau quick in both languages vondor to stand zaza vindär and vafsi vender a verb known this is merely a small selection of the many coincidences some of them exclusive that can be quoted they leave no doubt that harzani takes its place between tāliši and zaza 1 2 lockwood william burley 1972 a panorama of indo european languages london hutchinson p 243 hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds adharic glottolog jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history hammarström harald forkel robert haspelmath martin eds 2026 adhari glottolog 5 3 jena germany max planck institute for the science of human history stilo d 1971 a grammar of vafsi tati an application of a transformational computer model ph d diss university of michigan p 12 henning 1954 p 174 175 on the other side harzanī is related to zaza one may instance the existence of two genuine plural cases in both languages the ablati...
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