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of greater importance among family and social structures family relationships edit parent child edit in ancient times parent child relationships were often marked by fear either of rebellion or abandonment resulting in the strict filial roles in for example ancient rome and china 27 28 freud conceived of the oedipal complex the supposed obsession that young boys have towards their mothers and the accompanying fear and rivalry with their fathers and the electra complex in which the young girl feels that her mother has castrated her and therefore becomes obsessed with her father freud s ideas influenced thought on parent child relationships for decades 29 another early conception of parent child relationships was that love only existed as a biological drive for survival and comfort on the child s part 30 in 1958 however harry harlow s study the hot wire mother comparing rhesus reactions to wire surrogate mothers and cloth mothers demonstrated that affection was wanted by any caregiver and not only the surrogate mothers 31 the study laid the groundwork for mary ainsworth s attachment theory showing how the infants used their cloth mothers as a secure base from which to explore 32 33 in a series of studies using the strange situation a scenario in which an infant is separated from then reunited with the parent ainsworth defined three styles of parent child relationship securely attached infants miss the parent greet them happily upon return and show normal exploration and lack of fear when the parent is present insecure avoidant infants show little distress upon separation and ignore the caregiver when they return they explore little when the parent is present infants also tend to be emotionally unavailable 34 insecure ambivalent infants are highly distressed by separation but continue to be distressed upon the parent s return these infants also explore little and display fear even when the parent is present some psychologists have suggested a fourth attachment style disorganized so called because the infants behavior appeared disorganized or disoriented 35 secure attachments are linked to better social and academic outcomes and greater moral internalization as research proposes the idea that parent child relationships play a key role in the developing morality of young children secure attachments are also linked to less delinquency for children and have been found to predict later relationship success 36 37 11 for most of the late nineteenth through the twentieth century the perception of adolescent parent relationships was that of a time of upheaval g stanley hall popularized the sturm und drang or storm and stress model of adolescence 38 psychological research has painted a much tamer picture although adolescents are more risk seeking and emerging adults have higher suicide rates they are largely less volatile and have much better relationships with their parents than the storm and stress model would suggest 39 early adolescence often marks a decline in parent child relationship quality which then re stabilizes through adolescence and relationships are sometimes better in late adolescence than prior to its onset 40 with the increasing average age at marriage and more youths attending college and living with parents past their teens the concept of a new period called emerging adulthood gained popularity this is considered a period of uncertainty and experimentation between adolescence and adulthood during this stage interpersonal relationships are considered to be more self focused and relationships with parents may still be influential 41 siblings edit sibling relationships have a profound effect on social psychological emotional and academic outcomes although proximity and contact usually decreases over time sibling bonds continue to have effect throughout their lives sibling bonds are one of few enduring relationships humans may experience sibling relationships are affected by parent child relationships such that sibling relationships in childhood often reflect the positive or negative aspects of children s relationships with their parents 42 professional edit this section may need to be rewritten to comply with wikipedia s quality standards relevant discussion may be found on the talk page you can help the talk page may contain suggestions june 2025 business is generally held by whom to be distinct from personal relations a contrasting mode which other than excursions from the norm is based on non personal interest and rational rather than emotional concerns citation needed business relationships partnership employer and employee contractor customer landlord and tenant co worker other edit alliance enemy frenemy a person with whom an individual maintains a friendly interaction despite underlying conflict possibly encompassing rivalry mistrust jealousy or competition 43 neighbor familiar stranger official stages edit interpersonal relationships are dynamic systems that change continuously during their existence and have a beginning a lifespan and an end they tend to grow and improve gradually as people become acquainted and become closer emotionally or they gradually deteriorate as people drift apart move on with their lives and form new relationships with others one of the most influential according to whom models of relationship development was proposed by psychologist george levinger 44 this model was formulated to describe heterosexual adult romantic relationships but it has been applied to other kinds of interpersonal relations as well citation needed according to the model the natural development of a relationship follows five stages acquaintance and acquaintanceship becoming acquainted depends on previous relationships physical proximity first impressions and a variety of other factors if two people begin to like each other continued interactions may lead to the next stage but acquaintance can continue indefinitely another example is the association buildup during this stage people begin to trust and care about each other the need for intimacy compatibility and such filtering agents as common background and goals will influence whether or not interaction continues continuation this stage follows a mutual commitment to quite a strong and close long term friendship romantic relationship or even marriage it is generally a long relatively stable period nevertheless continued growth and development will occur during this time mutual trust is important for sustaining the relationship deterioration not all relationships deteriorate but those that do tend to show signs of trouble boredom resentment and dissatisfaction may occur and individuals may communicate less and avoid self disclosure loss of trust and betrayals may take place as the downward spiral continues eventually ending the relationship alternately the participants may find some way to resolve the problems and reestablish trust and belief in others ending the final stage marks the end of the relationship either by breakups death or by spatial separation for quite some time and severing all existing ties of either friendship or romantic love ways that interpersonal relationships begin edit proximity proximity increases the chance of repeated exposure to the same person long term exposure that can develop familiarity is more likely to trigger like or hate 45 technological advance the internet removes the problem of lack of communication due to long distance people can communicate with others who live far away from them through video calls or text internet is a medium for people to be close to others who are not physically near them 45 similarity people prefer to make friends with others who are similar to them because their thoughts and feelings are more likely to be understood 45 terminating a relationship edit according to the latest systematic review of the economic literature on the factors associated with life satisfaction dating from 2007 stable and secure relationships are beneficial and correspondingly relationship dissolution is harmful 46 the american psychological association has summarized the evidence on breakups breaking up can actually be a positive experience when the relationship did not expand the self and when the breakup leads to personal growth they also recommend some ways to cope with the experience purposefully focusing on the positive aspects of the breakup factors leading up to the break up the actual break up and the time right after the break up minimizing the negative emotions journaling the positive aspects of the breakup e g comfort confidence empowerment energy happiness optimism relief satisfaction thankfulness and wisdom this exercise works best although not exclusively when the breakup is mutual 47 less time between a breakup and a subsequent relationship predicts higher self esteem attachment security emotional stability respect for your new partner and greater well being furthermore rebound relationships do not last any shorter than regular relationships 48 49 60 of people are friends with one or more ex 50 60 of people have had an off and on relationship 37 of cohabiting couples and 23 of the married have broken up and gotten back together with their existing partner 51 terminating a marital relationship implies divorce or annulment one reason cited for divorce is infidelity the determinants of unfaithfulness are debated by dating service providers feminists academics and science communicators 52 53 54 55 according to psychology today women s rather than men s level of commitment more strongly determines if a relationship will continue 56 pathological relationships edit abusive edit abusive relationships involve either maltreatment or violence such as physical abuse physical neglect sexual abuse and emotional maltreatment 57 abusive relationships within the family are very prevalent in the united states and usually involve women or children as victims 58 common individual factors for abusers include low self esteem poor impulse control external locus of control drug use alcohol abuse and negative affectivity 59 there are also external factors such as stress poverty and loss which contribute to likelihood of abuse 60 codependent edit codependency initially focused on a codependent partner enabling substance abuse but it has become more broadly defined to describe a dysfunctional relationship with one or both partners having extreme dependence on or preoccupation with the relationship for example a narcissist and a sycophant with abandonment issues may create codependency as the narcissist values the flattery from the sycophant and the sycophant values the narcissist s approval 61 there are some who even refer to codependency as an addiction to the relationship 62 the focus of codependents tends to be on the emotional state behavioral choices thoughts and beliefs of another person 63 often those who are codependent neglect themselves in favor of taking care of others and have difficulty fully developing an identity of their own 64 narcissistic edit narcissists focus on themselves and often distance themselves from intimate relationships the focus of narcissistic interpersonal relationships is to promote one s self concept 65 generally narcissists show less empathy in relationships and view love pragmatically or as a game involving others emotions 66 65 narcissists are usually part of the personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder npd in relationships they tend to affect the other person as they attempt to use them to enhance their self esteem 67 specific types of npd make a person incapable of having an interpersonal relationship due to their being cunning envious and contemptuous 67 importance edit human beings are innately social and are shaped by their experiences with others there are multiple perspectives to understand this inherent motivation to interact with others need to belong edit according to maslow s hierarchy of needs humans need to feel love sexual nonsexual and acceptance from social groups family peer groups in fact the need to belong is so innately ingrained that it may be strong enough to overcome physiological and safety needs such as children s attachment to abusive parents or staying in abusive romantic relationships such examples illustrate the extent to which the psychobiological drive to belong is entrenched social exchange edit another way to appreciate the importance of relationships is in terms of a reward framework this perspective suggests that individuals engage in relations that are rewarding in both tangible and intangible ways the concept fits into a larger theory of social exchange this theory is based on the idea that relationships develop as a result of cost benefit analysis individuals seek out rewards in interactions with others and are willing to pay a cost for said rewards in the best case scenario rewards will exceed costs producing a net gain this can lead to shopping around or constantly comparing alternatives to maximize the benefits or rewards while minimizing costs relational self edit relationships are also important for their ability to help individuals develop a sense of self the relational self is the part of an individual s self concept that consists of the feelings and beliefs that one has regarding oneself that develops based on interactions with others 68 in other words one s emotions and behaviors are shaped by prior relationships relational self theory posits that prior and existing relationships influence one s emotions and behaviors in interactions with new individuals particularly those individuals that remind them of others in their life studies have shown that exposure to someone who resembles a significant other activates specific self beliefs changing how one thinks about oneself in the moment more so than exposure to someone who does not resemble one s significant other 69 power and dominance edit power is the ability to influence the behavior of other people 70 when two parties have or assert unequal levels of power one is termed dominant and the other submissive expressions of dominance can communicate an intention to assert or maintain dominance in a relationship being submissive can be beneficial because it saves time limits emotional stress and may avoid hostile actions such as withholding of resources cessation of cooperation termination of the relationship maintaining a grudge or even physical violence submission occurs in different degrees for example some employees may follow orders without question whereas others might express disagreement but concede when pressed 71 groups of people can form a dominance hierarchy 72 for example a hierarchical organization uses a command hierarchy for top down management this can reduce time wasted in conflict over unimportant decisions prevents inconsistent decisions from harming the operations of the organization maintain alignment of a large population of 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