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th conventional nuclear measurement techniques such as gamma ray spectroscopy for most cases such as for the detection of specific radionuclides like cesium 137 but libs could offer unique capabilities in certain areas where conventional techniques are unsuitable or are otherwise unable to provide useful information one such application scenario would be the remote and in situ detection of uranium or mixed oxide mox fuel damaged or otherwise located in hard to reach places such as inside the reactor pressure vessel or submerged in water or sludge gamma spectroscopy would struggle to do this for a number of reasons the prime reason being that gamma spectroscopy cannot easily detect uranium or plutonium because of the low gamma yield of these materials especially in an environment that has a high gamma field as a result of the presence of fission products such as cesium 137 either within the uranium or plutonium fuel or dispersed in the form of contamination libs is essentially immune to the effects of ionizing radiation gamma neutron etc so libs can and has been deployed in environments of extreme levels of radiation such as within a high level waste vitrification plant spectroscopy could a standard libs instrument be used in such an environment whitehouse yes but in my opinion it would be the fiber optic probe version of our libs technology that would have the most potential at fukushima since it is able to operate in limited access and high radiation areas and can also be used to identify materials submerged in water or sludge the use of seawater to cool the overheating nuclear fuel at fukushima both within the reactor pressure vessel and the spent fuel storage pond will i understand result in the formation and accumulation of a sludge like material as the seawater evaporates this will make future inspection of the damaged reactor components and fuel considerably more difficult should there be a need to pinpoint the location of the melted nuclear fuel within the damaged structure then our submersible libs probe could provide a unique solution spectroscopy has libs ever been used before at a nuclear accident site whitehouse about 12 years ago a team of scientists and engineers from chernobyl visited us to learn more about our fiber optic libs probe with a view to using it at chernobyl to identify the location of fragments of melted nuclear fuel primarily uranium at the time that was important to them because removal of the fuel from the wreckage of the reactor would significantly reduce the overall radioactivity content of the damaged structure because most of the radioactivity is tied up in the fuel in the end however a decision was made to leave the fuel inside the damaged structure i believe however that the latest plans are to go back and remove the fuel before replacing the temporary confinement structure that was built over the damaged reactor to prevent the spread of radioactive contamination into the environment because the confinement structure is now in an unsafe condition of course the libs technology whether standoff or fiber optic has improved considerably over the intervening 12 years spectroscopy can standoff libs be used to identify nuclear residues at a distance if so at what standoff distance can this be done whitehouse we have designed and built standoff libs instruments with a range capability in excess of 100 m for the defense market we have used a transportable standoff libs instrument with 20 m range capability at the sellafield nuclear site in cumbria uk where it was used to characterize radioactive materials within a hot cell by directing the laser beam through a lead glass shield window i believe we were the first to deploy a libs instrument in this way spectroscopy would libs on a robot be useful in such a scenario whitehouse for some applications the deployment of our fiber optic libs probe requires some form of remote manipulator or robotic device in order to position the probe where required in the uk nuclear industry we have used so called master slave manipulators to deploy a libs probe within a process cell at the sellafield high level waste vitrification plant in other applications all that is necessary is a simple rod or pole which may be used by hand to position the libs probe where required for example within a storage pond spectroscopy would libs be useful for detecting nuclear contamination in matrices such as soil water used at a nuclear plant seawater plants fish whitehouse the application scenarios you have listed would best be served by conventional nuclear measurement techniques gamma spectroscopy alpha spectroscopy neutron detection techniques because these techniques are orders of magnitude more sensitive than libs and so would be appropriate for detecting low and medium levels of radioactivity in the environment libs would be better suited to applications where radiation levels are very high or where physical access is limited spectroscopy for most elements libs cannot distinguish between stable and radioactive isotopes of the same material rather it can detect the presence of an element associated with nuclear radiation such as plutonium how does that affect how you would apply libs to analyzing radioactive contamination whitehouse to be correct libs can in principle detect specific isotopes assuming a suitably high resolution optical spectrograph is used although this would perhaps not be its most useful feature in the given application since there are many other techniques which offer higher sensitivity libs has been used to distinguish different isotopes of various elements including uranium 235 and 238 plutonium 239 and 241 and isotopes of certain lighter elements such as lithium to the best of my knowledge libs has not been used to detect cesium 137 a common and abundant fission product in irradiated nuclear fuel most probably because the specific activity of cesium 137 is so high that only a vanishingly small quantity of this radionuclide would be needed to be radiologically significant i e potentially harmful and libs would not be able to detect such vanishingly small quantities of material in general radiologically significant quantities of radionuclides of relatively high specific activity such as cesium 137 strontium 90 and iodine 129 are best monitored and detected using conventional nuclear measurement techniques on the other hand radiologically significant quantities of radionuclides of relatively low specific activity such as uranium 235 uranium 238 plutonium 239 plutonium 241 and technetium 99 may be amenable to monitoring and detection by libs in particular their presence could be confirmed by libs in cases where conventional nuclear measurement techniques are not appropriate or practical such as in material submerged in water or sludge in limited access environments or in high gamma field environments as mentioned earlier spectroscopy can libs provide quantitative analysis of radioactive elements whitehouse for the given application my view is that libs is best suited to detecting the presence of a specific material such as uranium fuel fragments submerged in seawater sludge rather than measuring the quantity of the material present the latter being totally impractical for the type of scenarios i envisage at the fukushima plant spectroscopy could libs be useful for a possible nuclear crisis at a site where they use nuclear power plants of a type different from those used at fukushima whitehouse possibly but i believe that libs has significantly more potential in certain areas of nuclear decommissioning where huge quantities of radioactive waste of largely unknown inventory exists such as at redundant nuclear processing facilities both military and civilian redundant spent fuel storage ponds and temporary radioactive waste storage facilities one only has to make a cursory review of the open literature on some of the redundant facilities in the uk such as sellafield and the usa such as the hanford site to understand the magnitude of the problem of characterizing the huge quantities of miscellaneous radioactive waste that are currently stored under less than ideal conditions the fukushima plant may now be regarded as a nuclear decommissioning site since it seems highly unlikely that it will operate again and the mess will have to be cleaned up sooner rather than later spectroscopy can you tell us more about how libs is now being used in the uk s nuclear energy industry whitehouse my company has used libs in the uk nuclear industry for a variety of applications within operational plants examples include the identification of advanced gas cooled reactor agr superheater tubes manufactured from a rogue batch of stainless steel determining the chromium content of economizer tubes in an agr steam generator as part of an erosion corrosion inspection and remote characterization of high level radioactive waste at a nuclear reprocessing plant for more than 10 years we have been promoting libs technology for nuclear decommissioning applications but despite our best efforts we have not yet undertaken a real world application during the last year we have received an increased level of interest from this sector but we have come to accept that things move very slowly in nuclear decommissioning especially where uptake of new technology is concerned we have not given up hope though 0 000000 0 000000 leave a comment october 24 2011 khumaeni indahnya syariat islam sesuatu yang telah diberikan kita pikir itu milik kita sesuatu yang telah didapatkah kita pikir itu milik kita sesuatu yang diperoleh kita pikir itu adalah milik kita semua milik kita punya kita dan menjadi hak kita tanpa kita sadari begitu kita terpisah darinya begitu sakit rasanya begitu dalam penderitaannya begitu besar kehilangannya begitu dalam jurang kesedihannya ia datang tanpa diundang ia pun pergi tanpa berbekas ia yang datang dan pergi semua bukan milik kita dan tidak perlu kita menderita karena melekatinya selagi bersama bahagialah selagi memiliki hargailah selagi ada rasakanlah sewaktu berpisah kenanglah sewaktu pergi relakanlah sewaktu kehilangan lepaskanlah saat jodoh telah berakhir relakanlah lepaskanlah setiap orang terlahir di dunia ini dengan tangan kosong ketika perannya berakhir sampai di sanalah skenario kehidupannya semoga bermanfaat tips dan trik diatas sebagai salah satu syarat ciri ciri ikhlas ketulusan petunjuk perbuatan tanpa pamrih kekusyu kan ibadah yg sebenarnya serta menjadi tolak ukur parameter berserah diri 0 000000 0 000000 3 comments february 24 2011 khumaeni uncategorized meneropong atom dalam material dengan menggunakan laser spektroskopi 1 problematika setiap hari kita mengkonsumsi nasi sebagai makanan pokok namun selama ini kita tidak mengetahui apakah beras yang dikonsumsi mengandung unsur logam berat seperti cadmium cd atau chrome cr dikarenakan adanya polusi tanah atau polusi air oleh logam berat perlu diketahui jika kita mengkonsumsi beras yang mengandung cd melebihi batas normal tubuh kita akan terkena penyakit ginjal dan penyakit penyakit organ tubuh lainnya menurut the joint food and agriculture organization world health organization expert committee on food additives jecfa ambang batas kandungan cd yang diperkenankan untuk dikonsumsi tubuh manusia setiap sepekan tidak boleh melebihi 7μg kg pada tahun 2004 indonesia dikagetkan dengan dugaan munculnya penyakit minamata yang diderita sebagian warga desa buyat minahasa sulawesi utara penyakit ini disebabkan oleh pencemaran air oleh logam berat merkuri hg yang dihasilkan dari penambangan emas kadar merkuri dalam darah yang melebihi batas normal 8 mikrogram perliter dapat menimbulkan efek membahayakan bagi kesehatan manusia terutama gangguan sistem syaraf iritasi kulit dan disfungsi ginjal mungkinkah di sekitar kita juga tercemari oleh logam logam berat seperti di atas bagaimana caranya mengetahui kandungan unsur dalam material seperti beras air dan material material lainnya salah satu ilmu yang dapat digunakan untuk meneropong unsur dalam material adalah ilmu spektroskopi ayo kita belajar bersama ilmu ini 2 semua benda di alam semesta tersusun oleh atom sebelum kita belajar spektroskopi atom kita akan sedikit mengulas pengetahuan tentang atom atom merupakan penyusun terkecil dari materi batu besar yang ditumbuk akan menghasilkan kerikil kerikil kerikil yang ditumbuk akan menjadi partikel partikel yang kecil jika ditumbuk lagi akan menjadi partikel partikel yang lebih lembut jika terus ditumbuk akan menjadi partikel partikel yang sangat kecil dan akhirnya menjadi partikel yang lebih kecil lagi dan tidak bisa dipecah lagi yang disebut dengan atom atom terdiri atas proton dan neutron yang ada di inti atom dan elektron yang mengelilingi inti atom ilmuwan denmark niels bohr menawarkan dua aturan baru tentang elektron di dalam atom yaitu a elektron bisa mengorbit hanya pada jarak tertentu dari inti atom dan b atom memancarkan energi jika turun dari orbit energi yang lebih tinggi ke orbit energi yang lebih rendah atom mempunyai tingkatan tingkatan energi yang berbeda antara atom satu dengan yang lain misalnya atom hidrogen h mempunyai tingkatan energi yang berbeda dengan karbon c ilustrasi dari tingkat energi atom h ditunjukkan di gambar 1 sebelah kiri n 1 biasa disebut dengan level energi dasar ground state dan n 2 n 3 dst disebut dengan level energi eksitasi excited state elektron akan berkumpul di ground state jika tidak ada gangguan dari luar jika atom h diberikan energi tertentu dari luar maka elektron dari n 2 akan naik tereksitasi ke level n 3 dan akan turun kembali ke level n 2 dengan memancarkan energi yang mempunyai panjang gelombang 656 nm apabila energi dari luar tersebut cukup besar maka ada kemungkinan akan naik ke tingkat energi yang lebih tinggi misalnya ke n 2 n 3 dst dan kemudian akan kembali lagi ke level energi n 2 dengan memancarkan energi yang mempunyai panjang gelombang sebagaimana di gambar 1 3 spektroskopi emisi atom spektroskopi merupakan salah satu cabang ilmu fisika yang mempelajari tentang spektrum yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah materi ilmu ini telah berkembang sejak abad ke 17 cahaya putih polikromatik yang terdispersi menjadi spektrum warna monokromatik ketika dilewatkan sebuah prisma menjadi dasar dari cikal bakal lahirnya ilmu spektroskopi untuk menguji kebenaran bahwa cahaya putih benar benar terdispersi silahkan melakukan percobaan dengan menggunakan prisma kalau tidak mempunyai prisma bagaimana karena harga prisma quartz saat ini cukup mahal jangan khawatir kita coba menggunakan akuarium plastik yang bening dan berbentuk kotak akuarium tersebut diisi air sampai 1 2 bagian atau penuh salah satu sudut akuarium bisa berfungsi sebagai prisma coba lihat gambar 2 di bawah ini sekarang kita akan mempelajari spektroskopi emisi atom spektroskopi emisi atom merupakan spektroskopi yang didasarkan pada cahaya yang dipancarkan ketika elektron turun dari level energi tinggi ke energi yang 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