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ates 32 23 12 s 18 27 10 e 32 38667 s 18 45278 e 32 38667 18 45278 geology quartzitic sandstone unesco world heritage site official name diepkloof rock shelter part of the emergence of modern human behaviour the pleistocene occupation sites of south africa criteria cultural iii iv v inscription 2024 46th session general view of the excavation during 2009 field season excavation of the upper part of the deposit diepkloof rock shelter is a rock shelter in western cape south africa in which has been found some of the earliest evidence of the human use of symbols in the form of patterns engraved upon ostrich eggshell water containers these date around 60 000 years ago 1 2 the symbolic patterns consist of lines crossed at right angles or oblique angles by hatching it has been suggested that by the repetition of this motif early humans were trying to communicate something perhaps they were trying to express the identity of the individual or the group 3 in 2024 the diepkloof rock shelter became a part of the world heritage site of pleistocene occupation sites of south africa 4 site description edit the cave is about 17 kilometres 11 mi from the shoreline of the atlantic ocean in a semi arid area near elands bay about 150 kilometres 93 mi north of cape town 2 it occurs in quartzitic sandstone in a butte that overlooks in an east direction 100 metres 330 ft above the verlorenvlei river it contains one of the most complete and continuous later middle stone age sequences in southern africa 1 stretching from before 130 000 bp to about 45 000 bp and encompassing pre stillbay stillbay howiesons poort and post howiesons poort periods it is about 25 metres 82 ft wide and 15 metres 49 ft deep research is based upon finds discovered in a trench excavated within it that is 16 metres 52 ft across and 3 6 metres 12 ft in depth the deposits consist of burnt and nonburnt organic residues and ash that came from hearths ash dumps and burnt bedding 1 it was first excavated in 1973 by john parkington and cedric poggenpoel 5 since 1999 it has been researched in a collaboration between the department of archaeology at the university of cape town and the institute of prehistory and quaternary geology at the university of bordeaux 2 at diepkloof rock shelter drs from 70 to 74 ka bifaces and bifacial points are present while less complex forms such as backed artifacts occur from 70 ka through 60 ka and are subsequently replaced with unifacial points quartz and quartzite predominate the earliest unit with few occurrences of silcrete during 70 74 ka unit silcrete has replaced quartz while quartzite is still fairly dominant from 65 to 70 ka quartz becomes dominant again with quartzite also being present 6 engraved ostrich eggshell containers edit some 270 fragments of ostrich eggshell containers have been found covered with engraved geometric patterns the fragments have a maximum size of 20 30 mm though a number have been fitted into larger 80 40 mm fragments it is estimated that fragments from 25 containers have been found eggshell fragments have been found throughout the period of occupation of the cave but those with engraving are found only in several layers within the howiesons poort period these occur across 18 stratigraphic units particularly those with the stratigraphic names frank and darryl this suggests the tradition of engraving lasted for several thousand years 1 the engraving consists of abstract linear repetitive patterns including a hatched band motif one fragment has two parallel lines that might have been circular around the container it has been suggested that they form a system of symbolic representation in which collective identities and individual expressions are clearly communicated suggesting social cultural and cognitive underpinnings that overlap with those of modern people 1 moreover they show the development of a graphic tradition and the complex use of symbols to mediate social interactions the large number of marked pieces shows that there were rules for composing designs but having room within the rules to allow for individual and or group preferences 1 earlier finds exist of symbolism such as the 75 000 year old engraved ochre chunks found in the blombos cave but these are isolated and difficult to tell apart from meaningless doodles 3 the engravings are found on ostrich eggshells that were used as water containers ostrich eggshells have an average volume of 1 litre they may have had drinking spouts holes to enable them to be strung as a canteen for easier carrying and seem to have been part of daily hunter gatherer life 1 they involved skill to make with one of the researchers involved noting ostrich egg shells are quite hard doing such engravings is not so easy 3 local flora edit the preservation of organic matter such as wood grass seeds and fruits at the site has been described as exceptional 2 pollen remains allow the identification of the local animals and plants the howiesons poort period shows evidence for thicket or shrubland vegetation now usually found in gorges such as diospyros cassine peragua maytenus rhus and hartogiella schinoides afromontane trees found in the area include ficus kiggelaria africana podocarpus elongatus and celtis africana this suggests a more diversely wooded riverine environment than now present in the area 1 animal remains edit animal remains include those of mammals tortoises and intertidal marine shells most bones found in the cave come from rock hyrax hares cape dune mole rats steenbok and grysbok animals from rocky environments are also found including klipspringer and vaalribbok there is also evidence of local grasslands with remains of zebras wildebeest and hartebeest hippopotamus and southern reedbuck came from the local river the sea coast seems to have moved up the river as there are fragments from black mussels granite limpets and cape fur seals although there are ostrich shell remains no ostrich bones have been found 1 tortoise bones are mostly those of the angulate tortoise that is still found in the area these are noted to have been remarkably large compared with their late stone age counterparts suggesting different intensities of predation between msa and late stone age populations 1 provincial heritage site edit badge indicating that the diepkloof rock shelter is a provincial heritage site diepkloof rock shelter was declared a provincial heritage site by heritage western cape on 23 september 2014 in terms of section 27 of the national heritage resources act 7 this gives the site grade ii status and provides it with protection under south african heritage law in 2015 the south african government submitted a proposal to add the caves to the list of world heritage sites and it has been placed on the unesco list of tentative sites as a potential future serial nomination together with blombos cave pinnacle point klasies river caves sibudu cave and border cave 8 three of the sites gained the world heritage status in 2024 9 references edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 texier pj porraz g parkington j rigaud jp poggenpoel c miller c tribolo c cartwright c coudenneau a klein r steele t verna c 2010 a howiesons poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60 000 years ago at diepkloof rock shelter south africa proceedings of the national academy of sciences 107 14 6180 6185 doi 10 1073 pnas 0913047107 pmc 2851956 pmid 20194764 1 2 3 4 tribolo c mercier valladas h joron j l guibert p lefrais y selo m texier p j rigaud j ph porraz g poggenpoel c parkington j texier j p lenoble a 2009 thermoluminescence dating of a stillbay howiesons poort sequence at diepkloof rock shelter western cape south africa journal of archaeological science 36 3 730 739 bibcode 2009jarsc 36 730t doi 10 1016 j jas 2008 10 018 1 2 3 amos j 2010 etched ostrich eggs illustrate human sophistication bbc news the emergence of modern human behaviour the pleistocene occupation sites of south africa unesco world heritage centre retrieved 1 august 2024 parkington j poggenpoel c 1987 diepkloof rock shelter in parkington j hall m eds papers in prehistory of the western cape south africa vol 332 bar international pp 269 293 isbn 978 0 86054 425 8 mackay alex marwick ben 2011 costs and benefits in technological decision making under variable conditions examples from the late pleistocene in southern africa keeping your edge recent approaches to the organisation of stone artefact technology provincial notice 253 2014 province of the western cape provincial gazette extraordinary no 7310 cape town 23 september 2014 the emergence of modern humans the pleistocene occupation sites of south africa unesco retrieved 3 april 2015 the emergence of modern human behaviour the pleistocene occupation sites of south africa unesco world heritage centre retrieved 1 august 2024 wikimedia commons has media related to diepkloof rock shelter external links edit south africa diepkloof project diepkloof project the archaeological site and its history site by diepkloof rock shelter at sahra v t e prehistoric technology prehistory timeline outline stone age subdivisions new stone age technology history glossary tools farming neolithic revolution founder crops new world crops ard plough celt digging stick domestication goad irrigation secondary products sickle terracing food processing paleolithic diet fire basket cooking earth oven granaries grinding slab ground stone hearth aşıklı höyük qesem cave manos metate mortar and pestle pottery quern stone storage pits hunting arrow boomerang throwing stick bow and arrow history nets spear spear thrower baton harpoon schöningen woomera projectile points arrowhead transverse bare island cascade clovis cresswell cumberland eden folsom lamoka manis mastodon plano systems game drive system buffalo jump toolmaking earliest toolmaking oldowan acheulean mousterian aurignacian clovis culture cupstone fire hardening gravettian culture hafting hand axe grooves langdale axe industry levallois technique lithic core lithic reduction analysis debitage flake lithic technology magdalenian culture metallurgy microblade technology mining prepared core technique solutrean industry striking platform tool stone uniface yubetsu technique other tools adze awl bone axe bannerstone blade prismatic bone tool bow drill burin canoe oar pesse canoe chopper tool cleaver denticulate tool fire plough fire saw hammerstone knife microlith quern stone racloir rope scraper side stone tool tally stick weapons wheel illustration architecture ceremonial kiva pyramid standing stones megalith row stonehenge dwellings neolithic architecture long house british megalith architecture nordic megalith architecture burdei cave cliff dwelling dugout hut quiggly hole jacal longhouse mudbrick mehrgarh pit house pueblitos pueblo rock shelter blombos cave abri de la madeleine sibudu cave roundhouse stilt house alp pile dwellings stone roof wattle and daub water management check dam cistern flush toilet reservoir well other architecture archaeological features broch burnt mound fulacht fiadh causewayed enclosure tor enclosure circular enclosure goseck cursus henge thornborough megalithic architectural elements midden oldest extant buildings timber circle timber trackway sweet track arts and culture material goods baskets beadwork beds chalcolithic clothing textiles timeline cosmetics glue hides shoes ötzi jewelry amber use mirrors pottery cardium cord marked grooved ware jōmon linear unstan ware sewing needle weaving wine winery wine press prehistoric art art of the upper paleolithic art of the middle paleolithic blombos cave list of stone age art bird stone cairn carved stone balls cave paintings cup and ring mark geoglyph hill figure golden hats guardian stones gwion gwion rock paintings painting pigment megalithic art petroform petroglyph petrosomatoglyph pictogram rock art rock cupule stone carving sculpture statue menhir stone circle list british isles and brittany venus figurine prehistoric music evolutionary musicology music archaeology alligator drum paleolithic flute divje babe flute gudi prehistoric religion evolutionary origin of religion paleolithic religion spiritual drug use burial burial mounds bowl barrow round barrow mound builders culture u s sites chamber tomb cotswold severn cist dartmoor kistvaens clava cairn court cairn cremation dolmen great dolmen funeral pyre gallery grave transepted wedge shaped grave goods jar burial kuyavian long barrows long barrow unchambered grønsalen megalithic tomb mummy passage grave rectangular dolmen ring cairn simple dolmen stone box grave tor cairn unchambered long cairn other cultural archaeoastronomy sites lunar calendar behavioral modernity origin of language prehistoric counting prehistoric medicine trepanning prehistoric warfare symbols symbolism v t e the emergence of modern human behaviour the pleistocene occupation sites of south africa parts of the world heritage site diepkloof rock shelter pinnacle point sibudu cave other blombos border cave klasies river caves v t e prehistoric cave sites rock shelters and cave paintings paleoanthropological sites cave paintings caves containing pictograms europe austria drachenhöhle gudenus lurgrotte salzofen tischofer belgium belle roche claminforge engis goyet naulette neolithic flint mines of spiennes ramioul scladina spy trou de l abîme bosnia badanj ledenjača bulgaria bacho kiro devetashka kozarnika magura utroba cave croatia grapčeva krapina vela spila vindija romuald s cave velika peć veternica cyprus aetokremnos czech republic amatérská býčí skála koněprusy kůlna mladeč šipka finland wolf france vézère valley world heritage site bara bahau bernifal cap blanc castel merle abri castanet reverdit les eyzies de tayac sireuil abri audi abri chadourne les combarelles cro magnon font de gaume laugerie basse laugerie haute la micoque la mouthe pataud abri du poisson lascaux la madeleine rouffignac other world heritage sites chauvet other caves with decoration arcy sur cure gargas cosquer cussac fontéchevade la chaire a calvin la marche lombrives grotte de gabillou marsoulas mas d azil mayrières supérieure niaux pair non pair pech merle roc aux sorciers renne trois frères villars other caves arago aurignac azé balauzière bonne femme bouillon bruniquel calès cauna la chapelle aux saints combe grenal la ferrassie fées fontbrégoua lazaret le moustier noisetier la quina raymonden le regourdou rochereil vallonnet germany caves and ice age art in the swabian jura world heritage site bockstein geissenklösterle hohle fels hohlenstein stadel sirgenstein vogelherd other caves baumann s brillenhöhle kleine feldhofer lichtenstein ofnet gibraltar devil s tower gorham s vanguard greece alepotrypa apidima asphendou eileithyia franchthi kleidi megalakkos petralona stravomyti theopetra hungary baradla szelim italy addaura arene candide balzi rossi cavallo corbeddu deer felci paglicci romito villabruna jersey st 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