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cleaning and non destructive testing 31 potable water diving edit inspection of the interior of a municipal water tower requires specialized training and safety equipment main article potable water diving potable water diving is diving inside a tank that is used for potable water this is usually done for inspection and cleaning tasks a person who is trained to do this work may be described as a potable water diver the risks to the diver associated with potable water diving are related to the access confined spaces and outlets for the water the risk of contamination of the water is managed by isolating the diver in a clean dry suit and helmet or full face mask which are decontaminated before the dive 30 ships husbandry edit main article ships husbandry ships husbandry is all aspects of maintenance cleaning 32 and general upkeep of the hull rigging and equipment of a ship it may also be used to refer to aspects of maintenance which are not specifically covered by the technical departments 33 the term is used in both naval and merchant shipping 34 but naval vessel husbandry may also be used for specific reference to naval vessels 35 underwater ships husbandry includes hull cleaning inspection and some kinds of repair work 36 underwater construction edit main article underwater construction underwater construction is industrial construction in an underwater environment there is often but not necessarily a significant component of commercial diving involved 37 38 it is a part of the marine construction industry 39 concrete work is a common component of underwater construction and may involve site clearing and preparation by suction dredging airlifting high pressure and abrasive waterjetting in water surface cleaning using brushcarts shuttering and formwork bagwork and setup of reinforcement underwater concrete placement may be by tremie pumped concrete skip placement or toggle bags concrete repair and assembly of pre cast components often involves grouting other work may include fitting fixing bolts by drilling and core drilling pipe installation outfalls pipeline support and protection using mattresses for ballast and scour protection and underwater welding underwater mining and mineral extraction edit underwater mining diamonds off the orange river mouth amber in the baltic sea historical gold in rivers this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information september 2022 military diving edit main article military diving underwater divers may be employed in any branch of an armed force including the navy army marines air force and coast guard scope of operations includes search and recovery search and rescue hydrographic survey explosive ordnance disposal demolition underwater engineering salvage ships husbandry reconnaissance infiltration sabotage counterinfiltration underwater combat and security 40 clearance diving the removal of obstructions and hazards to navigation is closely related to salvage diving but has a different purpose in that the objects to be removed are not intended to be recovered just removed or reduced to a condition where they no longer constitute a hazard or obstruction many of the techniques and procedures used in clearance diving are also used in salvage work submarine rescue is the process of locating a sunk submarine with survivors on board and bringing the survivors to safety 41 this may be done by recovering the vessel to the surface first or by transferring the trapped personnel to a rescue bell or deep submergence rescue vehicle to bring them to the surface submarine rescue may be done at pressures between ambient at depth and sea level atmospheric pressure depending on the condition of the disabled vessel and the equipment used for the rescue 41 associated diving work may include preparing the submarine for access by a rescue bell or rescue submersible if the depth allows human intervention recent developments tend to favour the use of remotely operated vehicles dedicated to this application public service edit nesconset fire department scuba rescue team on training exercise police divers in a river in berlin main articles police diving and public safety diving public safety diving is underwater diving conducted as part of law enforcement and search and rescue their work includes underwater rescue underwater recovery and underwater investigation conducted by divers working for or under the authority of municipal state or federal agencies these divers are typically members of police departments sheriff s offices fire rescue agencies search and rescue teams or providers of emergency medical services public safety divers differ from recreational scientific and commercial divers who can generally plan the date time and location of a dive and dive only if the conditions are conducive to the task public safety divers respond to emergencies 24 hours a day 7 days a week and may be required to dive in the middle of the night during inclement weather in zero visibility black water or in waters polluted by chemicals and biohazards much of their work involves underwater searches 8 police diving is a branch of professional diving carried out by police services police divers are usually sworn police officers and may either be employed full time as divers or as general water police officers or be volunteers who usually serve in other units but are called in if their diving services are required the duties carried out by police divers include rescue diving for underwater casualties and search and recovery diving for evidence and bodies 42 scientific edit main articles scientific diving and underwater archaeology a scientific diver at work scientific diving is the use of underwater diving techniques by scientists to perform work underwater in the direct pursuit of scientific knowledge 11 scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork the direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular 43 underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs and government bodies such as the united states environmental protection agency and the uk environment agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water marine organisms and sea lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution activities are widely varied and may include visual counts and measurements of organisms in situ collection of samples underwater surveys photography videography video mosaicing benthic coring coral coring and deployment maintenance and retrieval of scientific equipment 44 45 46 surveys include site surveys geological surveys baseline and monitoring ecological surveys which may involve the use of transect and quadrat methodology a bibliographic analysis of papers published between 1995 and 2006 that have been supported by scientific diving shows that diving supports scientific research through efficient and targeted sampling activities include collection of specimen organisms and biological samples observing and recording animal behaviour quantitative surveys in situ measurements impact studies ecological analyses evaluation of techniques mapping underwater areas profiling geology and deploying and retrieving underwater equipment 47 media and entertainment edit main article media diving underwater photographer documenting a surface supplied dive media diving is underwater diving in support of the media industries including the practice of underwater photography and underwater cinematography and underwater videography outside of normal recreational interests 48 media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries featuring underwater photography or footage media divers are normally highly skilled camera operators who use diving as a method to reach their workplace although some underwater photographers start as recreational divers and move on to make a living from their hobby equipment in this field is varied with scuba and surface supplied equipment used depending on requirements but rebreathers are often used for wildlife related work as they are normally quiet release few or no bubbles and allow the diver a lengthy bottom time with a reduced risk of frightening off the subject 49 tourism edit main article scuba diving tourism scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live it includes aspects of training equipment sales rental and service guided experiences and environmental tourism 50 51 the diving activity most associated with work in the diving tourism industry is leading dives dive leader is the title of an internationally recognised recreational diving certification for the occupation of dive guide which is a specialist underwater application of tour guide 52 53 several other titles are also used including divemaster this is a role that includes organising and leading recreational dives particularly in a professional capacity diver training edit instructor and learner divers practicing scuba skills in confined water main articles diver training and diving instructor diver training is the set of processes through which a person learns the necessary and desirable skills to safely dive underwater within the scope of the diver training standard relevant to the specific training programme most diver training follows procedures and schedules laid down in the associated training standard in a formal training programme and includes practical skills training in the safe use of the associated equipment in the specified underwater environment and assessment of the required skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the certification agency to allow the newly certified diver to dive within the specified range of conditions at an acceptable level of risk practical training and assessment of skills largely occurs underwater in the presence of a diving instructor who is responsible for the safety of the trainee while under instruction or assessment aquaculture fishing and harvesting of organisms underwater edit aquaculture is the controlled cultivation farming of aquatic organisms such as fish crustaceans mollusks algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants e g lotus aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater brackish water and saltwater populations under controlled or semi natural conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of wild fish there are many underwater activities associated with aquaculture which can be done by divers including monitoring stock health and fish pen maintenance 54 spearfishing is a method of fishing that involves impaling the fish with a straight pointed object such as a spear gig or harpoon it has been deployed in artisanal fishing throughout the world for millennia modern spearfishing usually involves the use of underwater swimming gear and slingshot like elastic powered spearguns or compressed gas powered pneumatic spearguns which launch a tethered underwater projectile to strike the target fish specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish spearfishing may be done using free diving snorkelling or scuba diving techniques 55 abalone lobster sea urchins and various other marine invertebrates can be collected by hand or with the assistance of hand tools while diving pearl hunting is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs usually oysters or mussels in the sea or freshwater pearl hunting was prevalent in the persian gulf region and japan for thousands of years on the northern and north western coast of western australia pearl diving began in the 1850s where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells in most cases the pearl bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving when the standard diving suit became available it was applied to pearl hunting 56 57 sponge diving is diving to collect soft natural sponges for human use as personal cleaning tools it is one of the oldest known underwater diving activities dating back to classical times and was also originally a freediving activity which later made use of the standard diving helmet 58 recreational activities edit shark cage diving further information scuba diving tourism underwater sports and freediving professional diving is done where the job is but recreational divers have the freedom to choose where they dive based on convenience cost their chosen underwater activities and the characteristics of the environment at the available dive sites many recreational divers dive mainly in their home waters but others will travel to sites where their preferences are more likely to be available scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live it includes aspects of training equipment sales rental and service guided experiences and environmental tourism 50 51 motivations to travel for scuba diving are complex and may vary considerably during the diver s development and experience participation can vary from once off to multiple dedicated trips per year over several decades the popular destinations fall into several groups including tropical reefs shipwrecks and cave systems each frequented by its own group of enthusiasts with some overlap temperate and inland open water reef sites are generally dived by people who live relatively nearby 59 60 shark tourism is a form of eco tourism that allows people to dive with sharks in their natural environment this benefits local shark populations by educating tourists and through funds raised by the shark tourism industry people can get close to the sharks by freediving or scuba diving or by entering the water in a protective cage for more aggressive species scuba activities edit see also recreational diving activities a cave diver running a reel with guide line into the overhead environment diver returning from a 600 ft 183 m dive divers at the wreck of the ss carnatic there are many recreational diving activities and several equipment and environmental specialties which require skills additional to those provided by the entry level courses these skills were originally developed by trial and error but training programmes are offered by most diver training agencies for the convenience of the diver and profit for the agency or in the case of club oriented systems for the overall benefit of the club community cave and caver...
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