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re subordinated to national security considerations informed consent and follow up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests finally the command and control problems which were apparent in the cia s programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the army s programs s rep at 411 5 46 in the 1990s the law firm morrison foerster agreed to take on a class action lawsuit against the government related to the edgewood volunteers the plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the test vets in 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations vietnam veterans of america and swords to plowshares and eight edgewood veterans or their families against cia the u s army and other agencies the complaint asked the court to determine that defendants actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care in the suit vietnam veterans of america et al v central intelligence agency et al case no cv 09 0037 cw u s d c n d cal 2009 the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages instead they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the u s government s use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments the plaintiffs cited the use of troops to test nerve gas psychochemicals and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances a failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of u s and international law regarding the use of human subjects including the 1953 wilson directive and the nuremberg code a refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them a deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions actions which were punctuated by fraud deception and a callous disregard for the value of human life on july 24 2013 united states district court judge claudia wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants motion for summary judgment the court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial the court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs favor finding that the army has an ongoing duty to warn and ordering the army through the dva or otherwise to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well being that it has learned since its original notification now and in the future as it becomes available the court granted the defendants motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims 47 on appeal in vietnam veterans of america v central intelligence agency a panel majority held in july 2015 that army regulation 70 25 ar 70 25 created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in u s chemical and biological testing programs the prior finding held that the army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide notice to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health 48 list of notable ea edgewood arsenal numbered chemicals edit ea 1152 diisopropyl fluorophosphate dfp an irreversible anti cholinesterase ea 1205 tabun ga ea 1208 sarin gb ea 1210 soman gd ea 1212 cyclosarin gf ea 1285 tetraethyl pyrophosphate tepp a highly toxic acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ea 1298 methylenedioxyamphetamine mda an analogue and active metabolite of mdma ea 1508 vg ea 1517 ve ea 1653 lsd in tartrate form 49 ea 1664 edemo vm ea 1701 vx ea 1729 lsd in free base form ea 1779 cs gas ea 2092 benactyzine a withdrawn antidepressant and anxiolytic which shows deliriant and hallucinogenic effects ea 2148 a phencyclidine pcp 50 ea 2233 a dimethylheptylpyran variant a synthetic cannabanoid and thc analogue eight individual isomers numbered ea 2233 1 through ea 2233 8 ea 2277 bz substance 78 to soviets ea 3148 a v series nerve agent cyclopentyl s 2 diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate substance 100a to soviets ea 3167 a bz variant ea 3443 a bz variant ea 3528 lsd in maleate form ea 3580 a bz variant ea 3834 a bz variant ea 4929 an enantiomer of the drug dexetimide also known as benzetimide a piperidine anticholinergic ea 4942 etonitazene in free base form an opioid 1 000 to 1 500 times more powerful than morphine ea 5365 gv ea 5823 sarin gb as a binary agent from mixing opa isopropyl alcohol isopropyl amine df list of notable cs chemical structure and cas chemical abstracts service numbered chemicals used in the edgewood arsenal experiments edit the following chemicals were identified by the national academies of sciences engineering and medicine as having been used in the edgewood arsenal experiments though they did not receive an ea number designation 1 cs 12602 tacrine an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and indirect cholinergic agonist parasympathomimetic cs 58525 eserine a highly toxic parasympathomimetic alkaloid specifically a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor cas 59 99 4 neostigmine an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor cas 317 52 2 hexafluronium bromide a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist related to curare cas 155 97 5 pyridostigmine bromide an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor implicated in gulf war syndrome cas 121 75 5 malathion an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and organophosphate pesticide cas 62 51 1 methacholine a synthetic choline ester that acts as a non selective muscarinic receptor agonist cas 674 38 4 bethanechol a parasympathomimetic choline carbamate cas 51 34 3 scopolamine an anticholinergic drug studied by the cia as a truth serum cas 8015 54 1 ditran an anticholinergic drug mixture related to the chemical warfare agent 3 quinuclidinyl benzilate cas 101 31 5 hyoscyamine a levorotary isomer of atropine cas 155 41 9 methylscopolamine bromide a muscarinic antagonist scopolamine derivative cas 31610 87 4 methylatropine a belladonna derivative see also edit fort detrick rankism medical abuse psychological abuse institutional abuse human rights abuses thc o acetate united states chemical weapons program edgewood chemical biological center human experimentation in the united states swords to plowshares united states v stanley references edit general sources edit two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at edgewood have been self published men and poisons the edgewood volunteers and the army chemical warfare research program 2005 xlibris corporation 140pp was written by malcolm baker bowers jr who went on to become a professor of psychiatry at yale 51 bowers book is a fictionalized account with names changed citation needed chemical warfare secrets almost forgotten a personal story of medical testing of army volunteers with incapacitating chemical agents during the cold war 1955 1975 2006 2nd edition 2007 foreword by alexander shulgin chembook inc 360 pp was written by ketchum who was a key player after 1960 and went on to become a professor at the university of california los angeles the vanderbilt university television news archive has two videos about the experiments both from a july 1975 nbc evening news segment 52 nbc newsman john chancellor reported on how norman augustine then acting secretary of the army ordered a probe of army use of lsd in soldier and civilian experiments correspondent tom pettit reported on major general lloyd fellenz from edgewood arsenal who explained how the experiments there were about searching for humane weapons adding that the use of lsd was unacceptable journalist linda hunt citing records from the u s national archives revealed that eight german scientists worked at edgewood under project paperclip 53 hunt used this finding to assert that in this collaboration u s and former nazi scientists used nazi science as a basis for dachau like experiments on over 7 000 u s soldiers 54 a washington post article dated july 23 1975 by bill richards 6 940 took drugs reported that a top civilian drug researcher for the army said a total of 6 940 servicemen had been involved in army chemical and drug experiments and that furthermore the tests were proceeding at edgewood arsenal as of the date of the article two tv documentaries with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast bad trip to edgewood 1993 on itv yorkshire 55 56 bad trip to edgewood 1994 on a e investigative reports 57 58 in 2012 the edgewood aberdeen experiments were featured on cnn and in the new yorker magazine 47 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 citations edit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 possible long term health effects of short term exposure to chemical agents commission on life sciences the national academies press in three volumes vol 1 anticholinesterases and anticholinergics 1982 vol 2 cholinesterase reactivators psychochemicals and irritants and vesicants 1984 vol 3 final report current health status of test subjects 1985 war related illness and injury study center edgewood aberdeen experiments www warrelatedillness va gov united states department of veterans affairs retrieved 2024 09 15 1 2 edgewood aberdeen experiments va public health military exposures united states department of veterans affairs april 1 2013 retrieved october 1 2013 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 taylor jr johnson wn 1976 research report concerning the use of volunteers in chemical agent research daig in 21 75 pdf governmentattic org united states department of the army office of the inspector general and auditor general retrieved september 17 2024 via united states government printing office alsoph h corwin chair in chemistry named deanships directorships and professorships johns hopkins university 2016 07 11 retrieved 2024 09 17 greene l wilson psychochemical warfare a new 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