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e protected as a marine nature reserve with additional areas subject to seasonal or temporary protection 51 jamaica 20 of marine habitats by 2020 madagascar 100 000 km 2 by 2012 marshall islands 30 of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020 new zealand 20 of marine environment by 2010 north mariana islands 30 of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020 palau 30 of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020 peru marine protected area system established by 2015 philippines 10 fully protected by 2020 senegal creation of mpa network no set date south africa 10 of exclusive economic zone by 2020 st vincent and the grenadines 20 of marine areas by 2020 tanzania 10 of marine area by 2010 20 by 2020 united kingdom establish an ecologically coherent network of marine protected areas by 2012 united states california 29 mpas covering 18 of state marine area with 243 square kilometres 94 sq mi at maximum protection the prevalent practice of area based targets was criticized in 2019 by a group of environmental scientists because politicians tended to protect parts of the oceans where little fishing happened to meet the goals the lack of fishing in these areas made them easy to protect but it also had little positive impact 52 regional and national efforts edit further information list of marine protected areas the marine protected area network is still in its infancy as of october 2010 approximately 6 800 mpas had been established covering 1 17 of global ocean area protected areas covered 2 86 of exclusive economic zones eezs 53 mpas covered 6 3 of territorial seas 54 many prohibit the use of harmful fishing techniques yet only 0 01 of the ocean s area is designated as a no take zone 55 this coverage is far below the projected goal of 20 30 56 57 those targets have been questioned mainly due to the cost of managing protected areas and the conflict that protections have generated with human demand for marine goods and services 58 59 africa edit south africa edit this section is an excerpt from marine protected areas of south africa edit marine protected areas of south africa 60 61 the marine protected areas of south africa are in an area of coastline or ocean within the exclusive economic zone eez of the republic of south africa that is protected in terms of specific legislation for the benefit of the environment and the people who live in and use it 62 an mpa is a place where marine life can thrive under less pressure than unprotected areas they are like underwater parks and this healthy environment can benefit neighbouring areas 63 64 there are a total of 42 marine protected areas in the south african eez after consolidation with a total area of 15 5 of its exclusive economic zone eez the target was to have 10 of the oceanic waters protected by 2020 all but one of the mpas are in the exclusive economic zone off continental south africa and one is off the prince edward islands in the southern ocean without the large prince edward islands mpa south africa has 41 mpas covering 5 4 of its continental eez this achieves united nations sustainable development goal 14 5 for conservation of marine and coastal areas and the convention on biological diversity cbd strategic plan for biodiversity 2011 2020 aichi target 11 65 66 people can take part in a wide range of non consumptive activities in all of south africa s mpas and some parts of some mpas are zoned for limited consumptive activities 64 some of these activities require a permit which is a form of taxation greater caribbean edit the caribbean region the unep defined region also includes the gulf of mexico this region is encompassed by the mesoamerican barrier reef system proposal and the caribbean challenge the gulf of mexico region in 3d is encompassed clarification needed by the islands in the stream proposal the greater caribbean subdivision encompasses an area of about 5 700 000 square kilometres 2 200 000 sq mi of ocean and 38 nations the area includes island countries like the bahamas and cuba and the majority of central america the convention for the protection and development of the marine environment of the wider caribbean region better known as the cartagena convention was established in 1983 a protocol involving protected areas was ratified in 1990 as of 2008 the region hosted about 500 mpas coral reefs are the best represented two networks are under development the mesoamerican barrier reef system a long barrier reef that borders the coast of much of central america and the islands in the stream program covering the gulf of mexico 67 asia edit southeast asia is a global epicenter for marine diversity 12 of its coral reefs are in mpas the philippines have some the world s best coral reefs and protect them to attract international tourism most of the philippines mpas are established to secure protection for its coral reef and sea grass habitats indonesia has mpas designed for tourism and relies on tourism as a main source of income 28 china edit further information list of protected areas of china china has developed its unique mpa management system which divides mpas into two main categories marine natural reserves mnrs and special marine protected areas smpas 68 69 70 as of 2016 china has designated 267 mpas including 160 mnrs and 107 smpas covering nearly 4 of the sea area 68 mnrs are the no take areas under comprehensive protection that prohibit any kind of resource exploitation 70 unlike such traditional mpas smpas have been established in china since 2002 68 smpas allow the use of marine resources in a supervised and sustainable way aiming at reducing local development conflicts caused by mnrs such as the survival of coastal fishermen and greater matching of national economic development strategies 68 69 70 depending on local ecological considerations smpas will subdivide into different functional zones areas with rare and endangered species or damaged and fragile environments are strict no take areas and ecological restoration areas while other areas will be considered sustainable resource use zone for current use and reserved zone for future use 70 despite all the efforts as china constructs mpa based on administrative hierarchy national provincial municipal and county there exist problems of fragmentized division and inconsistent enforcement of mpas 70 philippines edit the philippines host one of the most highly biodiverse regions with 464 reef building coral species due to overfishing destructive fishing techniques and rapid coastal development these are in rapid decline the country has established some 600 mpas however the majority are poorly enforced and are highly ineffective however some have positively impacted reef health increased fish biomass decreased coral bleaching and increased yields in adjacent fisheries one notable example is the mpa surrounding apo island 71 latin america edit latin america has designated one large mpa system as of 2008 0 5 of its marine environment was protected mostly through the use of small multiple use mpas 72 mexico designed a marine strategy that goes from the years 2018 2021 73 pacific ocean edit governments in the south pacific network ranging from belize to chile adopted the lima convention and action plan in 1981 an mpa specific protocol was ratified in 1989 the permanent commission on the exploitation and conservation on the marine resources of the south pacific promotes the exchange of studies and information among participants 72 cliffs in hawaii overlooking central pacific ocean the region is currently running one comprehensive cross national program the tropical eastern pacific marine corridor network signed in april 2004 the network covers about 211 000 000 square kilometres 81 000 000 sq mi 72 the marae moana conservation park in cook islands has many stakeholders within its governance structure including a variety of government ministries ngos traditional landowners and society representatives 10 the marae moana conservation area is managed through a spatial zoning principle whereby specific designations are given to specific zones though these designations may change over time for example some areas may allow fishing whilst fishing may be prohibited in other areas the north pacific network covers the western coasts of mexico canada and the u s the antigua convention and an action plan for the north pacific region were adapted in 2002 participant nations manage their own national systems 72 in 2010 2011 the state of california completed hearings and actions via the state department of fish and game to establish new mpas 74 indian ocean edit in exchange for some of its national debt being written off the seychelles designates two new marine protected areas in the indian ocean covering about 210 000 square kilometres 81 000 mi 2 it is the result of a financial deal brokered in 2016 by the nature conservancy 75 76 in 2021 australia announced the creation of two national marine parks in size of 740 000 square kilometers with those parks 45 of the australian marine territory will be protected 77 ten countries in the western indian ocean have launched the great blue wall initiative which seeks to create a network of linked mpas throughout the region these are generally expected to be under iucn category iv protection which allows for local fishing but prohibits industrial exploitation 78 79 mediterranean sea edit the natura 2000 ecological mpa network in the european union included mpas in the north atlantic the mediterranean sea and the baltic sea the member states had to define natura 2000 areas at sea in their exclusive economic zone two assessments conducted thirty years apart of three mediterranean mpas demonstrate that proper protection allows commercially valuable and slow growing red coral corallium rubrum to produce large colonies in shallow water of less than 50 metres 160 ft shallow water colonies outside these decades old mpas are typically very small the mpas are banyuls carry le rouet and scandola off the island of corsica 80 the mediterranean science commission proposed the creation of eight large international mpas ciesm marine peace parks with the dual benefits of protecting unique oceanographic features and mitigating trans frontier conflicts 81 wwf together with other partners 82 proposed the creation of medpan mediterranean network of marine protected areas managers which aims to protect 10 of the surface of the mediterranean by 2020 83 a 2018 study published in science found that trawling is more intense inside official eu marine sanctuaries and that endangered fish species such as sharks and rays are more common outside them 84 united states edit further information united states national system of marine protected areas and united states national marine sanctuary as of june 2020 26 of u s waters including the great lakes were in an mpa only 3 of us waters are no take mpas almost all of the no take zones are located in two large mpas in the remote pacific ocean papahānaumokuākea marine national monument and pacific islands heritage marine national monument 85 united kingdom and british overseas territories edit near half of england s seas are mpas those mpas only ban in specific places some of the most damaging activities 86 in 2020 greenpeace revealed that in 2019 the uk legally allowed industrial boats to fish in the marine protected area this point is related to the concern of overfishing while fishing is an object to the ongoing trade negotiations between the eu and the uk result of those negotiations might replace common fisheries policy in the uk united kingdom edit there are a number of marine protected areas around the coastline of the united kingdom known as marine conservation zones in england wales and northern ireland and marine protected areas in scotland 87 88 they are to be found in inshore and offshore waters 89 in june 2020 a review led by richard benyon mp stated that nearly 50 areas around the uk coastline should become highly protected marine areas hpmas this would see the banning of dredging sewage dumping drilling offshore wind turbine construction and catch and release sea fishing 90 british overseas territories edit the united kingdom is also creating marine protected reserves around several british overseas territories the uk is responsible for 6 8 million square kilometres of ocean around the world larger than all but four other countries 91 in 2016 the uk government established the blue belt programme to enhance the protection and management of the marine environment 92 the chagos marine protected area in the indian ocean was established in 2010 as a no take zone with a total surface area of 640 000 square kilometres 250 000 sq mi it was the world s largest contiguous marine reserve 93 94 in march 2015 the uk announced the creation of a marine reserve around the pitcairn islands in the southern pacific ocean to protect its special biodiversity the area of 830 000 square kilometres 320 000 sq mi surpassed the chagos marine protected area as the world s largest contiguous marine reserve 95 96 until the august 2016 expansion of the papahānaumokuākea marine national monument in the united states to 1 510 000 square kilometres 580 000 sq mi in january 2016 the uk government announced the intention to create a marine protected area around ascension island the protected area will be 234 291 square kilometres 90 460 sq mi half of which will be closed to fishing 97 the eventual marine park covered 100 of the eez 98 on 13 november 2020 it was announced that the 687 247 square kilometres 265 348 sq mi of the waters surrounding the tristan da cunha and neighboring islands will become a marine protection zone the move will make the zone the largest no take zone in the atlantic and the fourth largest on the planet 99 100 marine protected areas as percentage of territorial waters edit a map of 35 very large mpas collectively covering 4 6 of global ocean area 2019 the following shows a list of countries and their marine protected areas as percentage of their territorial waters click show to expand 101 country mpa in of territorial waters in 2022 albania 2 80 algeria 0 1 american samoa 8 70 andorra no data angola 0 00 antigua and barbuda 0 3 argentina 11 8 armenia no data aruba 0 00 australia 44 3 austria no data azerbaijan 0 4 bahamas the 7 9 bahrain 21 1 bangladesh 5 4 barbados 0 00 belarus no data belgium 38 1 belize 11 0 benin 0 00 bermuda 0 00 bhutan no data bolivia no data bosnia and herzegovina 0 00 botswana no data brazil 26 8 british virgin islands 0 00 brunei darussalam 0 20 bulgaria 8 10 burkina faso no data burundi no data cabo verde 0 00 cambodia 1 4 cameroon 10 9 canada 9 1 cayman islands 0 01 central african republic no data chad no data channel islands no data chile 41 4 china 5 5 colombia 17 1 comoros 0 04 congo dem rep 0 2 congo rep 3 0 costa rica 29 0 côte d ivoire 0 01 croatia 9 0 cuba 3 9 curaçao 0 00 cyprus 8 6 czechia no data denmark 18 3 djibouti 0 2 dominica 0 0 dominican republic 1...
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