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quarter sawing wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 description 2 process toggle process subsection 2 1 comparison to rift sawing 3 characteristics 4 see also 5 references 6 further reading 7 external links toggle the table of contents quarter sawing 4 languages العربية deutsch esperanto français edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia woodworking process a method for logs 16 19 in 41 48 cm a method for logs over 19 in 48 cm quarter sawing or quartersawing is a woodworking process that produces quarter sawn or quarter cut boards in the rip cutting of logs into lumber the resulting lumber can also be called radially sawn or simply quartered there is widespread confusion between the terms rift sawn and quarter sawn with the terms defined both with opposite meanings and as synonyms quarter sawn boards have greater stability of form and size with less cupping compared to flatsawn boards shrinkage across the width shake and splitting and other good qualities 1 in some woods such as oak the wood grain produces a decorative effect which shows a prominent ray fleck while sapele is likely to produce a ribbon figure rift sawn boards are less dimensionally stable but have straight grain on all four sides while quarter sawn boards have straight grain on two sides description edit quarter sawing is a process for rip cutting logs into lumber it produces quarter sawn or quarter cut boards the resulting lumber can also be called radially sawn or simply quartered wood cut in this way is prized for certain applications but it will tend to be more expensive as well in cutting a log quarter sawn boards can be produced in several ways however if a log is cut for maximum yield it will produce only a few quarter sawn boards among the total conversely if a log is cut to produce only quarter sawn boards there will be boards with less width and considerable waste process edit end of log diagram showing where cuts occur for flat sawing rift sawing and quarter sawing when boards are cut from a log they are usually rip cut along the length axis of the log this can be done in three ways plain sawing most common also known as flat sawn bastard sawn through and through and tangent sawn quarter sawing less common or rift sawing rare 2 in flat sawing the log is passed through the blade cutting off plank after plank without changing the orientation of the blade or log the resulting planks have different growth ring orientations when viewed from the end the relative angle that forms the rings and the surface goes from almost zero degrees in the external planks to nearly ninety degrees at the core of the log 3 quarter sawing gets its name from the fact that the log is first quartered lengthwise resulting in wedges with a right angle ending at approximately the center of the original log each quarter is then cut separately by tipping it up on its point and sawing boards successively along the axis the result is boards with growth rings mostly perpendicular to the faces quarter sawing yields boards with straight striped grain lines greater stability than flatsawn wood and a distinctive ray and fleck figure in some woods especially oak species it also yields narrower boards because the log is first quartered which is more wasteful quarter sawn boards can also be produced by cutting a board from one flat face of the quarter flipping the wedge onto the other flat face to cut the next board and so on the william ritter lumber company 1890 1960 famous for its appalachian oak flooring and other products used a modified technique to reduce waste bark and a few boards were removed from two opposite sides of the log the log was cut in half possibly four quarters each piece was placed on the flat side and quarter sawn lumber was cut 4 5 comparison to rift sawing edit main article rift sawing quarter sawing is sometimes confused with the much less common rift sawing 6 7 in quarter sawn wood only the center board of the quarter log is cut with the growth rings truly perpendicular to the surface of the board the smaller boards cut from either side have grain increasingly skewed riftsawn wood has every board cut along a radius of the original log so each board has a perpendicular grain with the growth rings oriented at right angles to the surface of the board however since this produces a great deal of waste in the form of wedge shaped scraps from between the boards rift sawing is very seldom used quarter sawn wood is an expensive premium product with the best dimensional stability of all cuts flatsawn wood which especially in oak will often display the distinct cathedral window grain is the least expensive and least dimensionally stable cut of wood rift sawn wood which has straight grain visible on all four sides is also expensive because it has more waste like quarter sawn wood all flat sawn logs will have a small amount of quarter sawn and rift sawn wood the process indicated in the us as quarter sawing yields a few quarter sawn boards but mostly rift sawn boards citation needed characteristics edit quarter sawn surface showing ray fleck modest in this case quarter sawn boards have advantages compared to flat sawn ones they are more resistant to warping with changes in moisture and while shrinkage can occur it is less troublesome in high end string instruments the neck and fretboards are often made from quarter sawn wood since these structures must remain stable throughout the life of the instrument to keep the tone and playability as invariable as possible in acoustic guitars quarter sawn wood is also often used for the sides which must be steam bent to produce compound curves this is partly for structural reasons but also for the aesthetics of highly figured timbers being highlighted when sawn this way on high end electric guitars and bass guitars quarter sawn wood is often used as the base material for the neck of the guitar since this makes for a stronger and straighter neck which aids tuning setup and stability another advantage of quarter sawn wood is the decorative pattern on the board although this depends on the timber species flat sawn wood especially oak will often display a prominent wavy grain sometimes called a cathedral window pattern caused by the saw cutting at a tangent to a growth ring in quarter sawn wood the saw cuts across the growth rings and the visible grain is much straighter it is this evenness of the grain that gives quarter sawn lumber its greater stability 8 in addition to the grain quarter sawn wood particularly oak will also often display a pattern of medullary rays seen as subtle wavy ribbon like patterns across the straight grain 9 medullary rays grow radially in the living tree so while flat sawing would cut across the rays quarter sawing puts them on the face of the board this ray pattern has made quarter sawn wood especially desirable for furniture and decorative panelling quarter sawn oak was a key feature of the decorative style of the american arts and crafts movement particularly the work of gustav stickley who said the quarter sawing method of cutting renders quarter sawn oak structurally stronger also finer in grain and as shown before less liable to warp and check than when sawn in any other way cheaper copies of stickley s furniture were sometimes made with the less expensive ash stained to resemble oak but its lack of rays can identify it 10 see also edit board foot references edit forest products laboratory wood handbook wood as an engineering material general technical report fpl gtr 190 madison wi u s department of agriculture forest service forest products laboratory 2010 3 15 print pdf archived from the original pdf on 2020 03 05 retrieved 2014 03 18 alterio mike 2018 07 10 quartersawn wood and rift sawn wood explained fine homebuilding retrieved 2026 05 30 alterio mike 2018 07 10 quartersawn wood and rift sawn wood explained fine homebuilding retrieved 2026 05 30 reedy dennie e the w m ritter lumber company family history book no isbn p 57 diagram by f m adkins note no reference is made in this source to the notion of flipping the wedge as described in the preceding paragraph apparently the cuts were made without flipping mccinis raymond defining quartered oak a history of woodworking an online book archived from the original on february 12 2011 image flat quarter and rift sawing beatingupwind com alterio mike 2018 07 10 quartersawn wood and rift sawn wood explained fine homebuilding retrieved 2026 05 30 quality green building materials from loyalist forest archived from the original on 2010 12 30 retrieved 2010 06 22 what quarter sawn white oak is amish direct furniture archived from the original on 2013 09 10 retrieved 2013 08 09 further reading edit hoadley bruce 2000 understanding wood taunton isbn 1 56158 358 8 external links edit media related to types of timber cuts at wikimedia commons v t e woodworking overviews history glossary wood lumber styles boat building bow and arrow bush carpentry cabinetry caning carpentry certosina chainsaw carving chip carving ébéniste fretwork intarsia japanese carpentry khatam kohlrosing log building luthier marquetry millwork pallet crafting parquetry pyrography relief carving root carving segmented turning shingle weaving shipbuilding spindle turning timber framing treen whittling wood carving woodturning woods soft cedar calocedrus cedrus cypress douglas fir fir juniper larch kauri pine rimu spruce yew hard afromosia alder andiroba anigre ash apple aspen avodire balsa beech bilinga birch african blackwood australian blackwood boxwood bubinga camphor cedrela cherry chestnut cocobolo cumaru ebony elm eucalyptus hazel hickory hornbeam idigbo imbuia ipê iroko jarrah jelutong lignum vitae linden lime basswood lovoa merbau mahogany american african maple meranti oak padauk pear plum poplar purpleheart ovankol ramin red quebracho rosewood rubberwood sapele teak totara utile walnut wenge willow zebrano engineered cross laminated glue laminated hardboard mdf osb particle board plywood wood plastic composite tools abrasives axe adze burnisher chisel drawknife drill fence float gimlet gauge hinge bender impact driver janka hardness test jointer mallet milling machine miter box rasp router sandpaper shaper shaving horse square carpenters combination miter speed try thickness planer timber framing veneer hammer vise warrington hammer winding sticks wood scribe workbench clamps band clamp c clamp f clamp flooring clamp gripe holdfast miter clamp pipe clamp sawbuck saws backsaw bandsaw bow bucksaw chainsaw circular compass coping crosscut frame fretsaw hand saw jigsaw keyhole miter ripsaw scroll table veneer whipsaw planes bedrock plane block plane chamfer plane compass plane finger plane fore plane grooving plane jack plane japanese plane jointer plane moulding plane razee plane rebate plane router plane scrub plane shoulder plane smoothing plane spokeshave surform geometry joints birdsmouth biscuit box bridle butt butterfly coping crown of thorns dado dovetail finger groove halved hammer headed tenon knee lap mason s miter miter mortise and tenon rabbet rebate scarf splice tongue and groove profiles bead bevel chamfer ogee ogive ovolo surface piecing binding edge banding intarsia marquetry oystering parquetry purfling treatments adhesive french polish heat bending lacquer oil paint paint stripper steam bending thermal varnish wax wood drying wood preservation wood stain wood finishing organizations american association of woodturners architectural woodwork institute british woodworking federation building and wood workers international caricature carving international federation of building and wood workers national wood carvers association society of wood engravers timber framers guild conversion chainsaw mill hewing sawmill whipsaw wood splitting flat sawing quarter sawing rift sawing techniques frame and panel frameless construction green woodworking category wikiproject commons retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title quarter_sawing oldid 1373979617 categories woodworking wood related terminology hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata cs1 unfit url all articles with unsourced statements articles with unsourced statements from 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