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d landing area cannot be reached an alternate open area may be selected 9 during final approach pulling both steering toggles down flares the canopy decreasing its forward speed and rate of descent before touchdown 9 when a stand up landing is not possible a parachute landing fall can reduce injury risk by distributing the impact across several points of the body 9 training edit a technoavia sm92 finist based at the hibaldstow skydiving centre in england training combines ground instruction with supervised jumps subjects normally include equipment aircraft procedures exit position altitude awareness parachute deployment emergency procedures canopy control landing patterns and landing technique training systems differ among countries and national organisations 12 13 in the united states the united states parachute association uspa presents tandem accelerated freefall instructor assisted deployment and static line training within its student programme british skydiving uses static line and accelerated freefall routes for students progressing toward independent jumping 12 13 tandem edit a tandem skydive in freefall over latvia in a tandem jump a student is attached by a separate harness to an instructor and both use one tandem parachute system the instructor controls the exit freefall deployment canopy flight and landing united states regulations require the parachutist in command to meet experience licensing and system specific training requirements and require an operational automatic activation device on the tandem system 14 static line progression edit in static line training a line attached to the aircraft initiates deployment as the student exits the student gradually progresses to self deployment the deployment delay is then increased until the student reaches terminal velocity early jumps therefore place emphasis on aircraft exit canopy checks steering landing patterns and emergency procedures 12 13 instructor assisted deployment edit instructor assisted deployment follows a progression similar to static line training but an instructor in the aircraft deploys the student s pilot chute as the student exits later jumps introduce independent deployment and longer freefall 12 accelerated freefall aff edit in accelerated freefall a student exits with one or more instructors who initially hold the student s harness during freefall the method introduces freefall body control from the first training jumps and progresses toward independent exit altitude awareness deployment and canopy flight 12 13 wind tunnels and simulators edit vertical wind tunnels can be used to practise body flight without a parachute jump indoor skydiving has also developed into a separate competitive sport with formation artistic and dynamic events 15 equipment edit a modern sport system consists of a harness and container holding a main parachute and an approved reserve parachute it may also include an automatic activation device aad which initiates reserve deployment when preset conditions are detected other common equipment includes an altimeter helmet and goggles 2 9 equipment regulation varies by jurisdiction in the united states civil sport jumpers using a single person system must have a main canopy an approved reserve canopy and an approved harness container system reserve parachutes must be packed by a certificated rigger within the applicable interval and any installed aad must be maintained according to its manufacturer s instructions 16 u s tandem systems must contain an operational aad and the parachutist in command must meet experience licensing and system specific training requirements 14 safety edit parachuting involves risk during aircraft operations freefall deployment canopy flight and landing a 2023 systematic review covering more than 62 million civilian jumps reported an average injury rate of 0 044 and an average fatality rate of 0 0011 lower extremity and lumbar spine injuries were the most common and injuries occurred most often during landing 17 national statistics are not directly interchangeable because participation reporting and regulation differ uspa estimated that its members made 3 47 million jumps in the united states in 2025 with 16 civilian fatalities or 0 46 deaths per 100 000 jumps its member survey also estimated 4 777 reserve uses about one per 726 jumps and found that 5 6 of respondents reported an injury requiring medical treatment 18 training equipment standards and operational rules are intended to reduce risk but they do not eliminate it landing judgement and canopy control remain recurring safety concerns 17 18 disciplines and competition edit international parachuting and skydiving competitions include events performed in freefall under an open canopy and in vertical wind tunnels 3 15 national associations also recognise training and recreational techniques that are not separate fai championship disciplines skydiving appeared in the air sports programme of the world games from 1997 through 2022 canopy piloting was included from 2005 through 2022 while other skydiving events appeared between 1997 and 2009 19 canopy formation edit a canopy formation during a 2001 record jump over rio de janeiro in canopy formation jumpers intentionally fly open parachutes close together and take grips on other canopies or suspension lines the activity was formerly known as canopy relative work or crw pronounced kro͞o basic formations include stacks and planes in which one jumper docks feet on another canopy s suspension lines or risers 20 21 fai competition events include 4 way rotations 4 way sequential and 2 way sequential teams repeat prescribed formations during a working period while a videographer records the jump for judging 20 because participants fly in contact with one another s canopies and lines training includes docking breakoff and emergency procedures entanglements and collapsed canopies are principal hazards and specialised equipment commonly includes protective clothing and a hook knife 21 formation skydiving edit main articles formation skydiving and big ways polish skydivers during a 100 way formation attempt in 2015 formation skydiving is the intentional manoeuvring of two or more skydivers near one another in freefall to build formations participants approach a designated base take grips and move through planned formations while maintaining a common fall rate and level formations may be flown belly to earth or vertically with participants head down or feet down the discipline was traditionally called relative work or group freefall 22 11 in fai competition a team normally consists of four or eight performers and a videographer each round uses a sequence drawn from an international pool of random formations and blocks teams repeat the sequence within a set working time receiving one point for each correctly completed formation judging is based on the videographer s recording 22 large formations often called big ways may involve dozens or hundreds of participants and are also flown as national or world record attempts under fai record rules 3 skydivers rehearse an aircraft exit and planned formation on the ground beside a dc 3 in 1977 before a formation jump teams often rehearse the aircraft exit formation shapes grips and movement order on the ground a practice known as a dirt dive 23 training commonly begins with small groups and develops stable exits body position approach docking transition breakoff and separation skills group planning is important because a failed or funnelled formation can bring jumpers into collision and participants must create horizontal separation before deployment 11 freeflying edit four skydivers in a head down freefly formation freeflying uses a wider range of body orientations than traditional belly to earth skydiving it includes back flying sit flying standing and head down positions as well as transitions between them these orientations can produce high fall rates and rapid changes in relative speed so group freeflying requires attention to levels separation breakoff and altitude awareness 24 beginners generally develop control first in back flying and head up positions before attempting sustained head down flight group progression normally begins with a coach and small formations developing controlled approaches docking transitions and separation equipment must be secured against premature deployment while the jumper changes orientation at high speed 24 freeflying is also part of fai artistic competition freefly teams consist of two performers and a camera flyer compulsory and free routines are judged from the camera flyer s footage for technical execution and presentation the format uses movement around all three axes of the body unlike traditional flat formation skydiving 25 skysurfing edit main article skysurfing in skysurfing a board is attached to the skydiver s feet for freefall manoeuvres uspa treats it within its freeflying guidance and recommends a board release system that can be operated with either hand 24 skysurfing was formerly an fai artistic competition event but was retired from that programme in 2009 25 angle flying edit skydivers in an angle freefall formation angle flying is a movement jump technique in which skydivers follow a diagonal flight path rather than falling straight down body orientation can be belly to earth or back to earth and group participants aim to maintain a common direction level and separation 26 27 28 29 tracking is another movement technique in which a skydiver uses a streamlined body position to generate horizontal movement uspa groups angle flying and tracking as movement jumps rather than separate competition categories 26 wingsuit flying edit main article wingsuit flying a recreational wingsuit rodeo over latvia wingsuit flying uses a specialised suit with fabric surfaces between the arms and legs the added surface area reduces vertical speed and increases horizontal speed while the suit restricts some of the jumper s normal range of motion 30 wingsuit training addresses aircraft exit flight planning body position navigation breakoff and a deployment technique adapted to the restricted arm movement uspa requires at least 200 previous skydives and a current licence for a wingsuit jump and recommends a first flight course with an experienced wingsuit coach the suit creates a large wake behind the pilot and can complicate pilot chute inflation and deployment bag extraction so equipment configuration and stable deployment are important parts of progression 30 fai competition recognises performance flying and acrobatic flying performance events use gps measurements for time horizontal distance and horizontal speed within a defined altitude window acrobatic events use two wingsuit performers and a camera flyer with compulsory figures and free routines involving transitions docks and coordinated flight 31 canopy piloting edit canopy piloting uses small highly manoeuvrable parachutes on courses designed to measure speed distance accuracy and freestyle performance competition courses are commonly placed over water because of the high approach speeds 32 style and accuracy landing edit in accuracy landing competitors aim to touch down as close as possible to the centre of a target and the lowest cumulative distance score wins in freefall style an individual competitor performs a prescribed sequence of turns and back loops against the clock style and accuracy landing are among the oldest international competition disciplines 33 speed skydiving edit in speed skydiving competitors seek the highest measured average vertical speed during a defined part of freefall 10 paraski and indoor skydiving edit paraski combines accuracy landing with alpine giant slalom skiing 34 indoor competition uses vertical wind tunnels for formation artistic and dynamic events 15 organizations edit the fai skydiving commission directs fai international championships competitions and record activity both outdoor and indoor fai member countries are represented through a national air sport control which administers fai air sports within that country 3 35 national parachuting associations may issue sport licences and instructor ratings publish training and safety standards organise domestic competition and represent participants to aviation regulators examples include the united states parachute association and british skydiving the national governing body for sport skydiving in the united kingdom 36 37 drop zones edit main article drop zone a parachutist landing a drop zone is a predetermined area on which parachutists or dropped objects land after an intentional parachute jump or drop 38 in common usage the term may also refer to the independently operated skydiving centre that provides training and conducts jump operations there 12 parachuting is regulated as an aviation activity for example united states rules specify flight visibility and cloud clearance requirements and prohibit jumps into or through clouds under ordinary operations 39 operational planning also considers aircraft procedures winds the landing pattern and alternative landing areas 9 records edit record free fall parachute jumps edit joseph kittinger beginning his 1960 high altitude descent in 1914 tiny broadwick demonstrated a manually deployed parachute after a static line became entangled with an aircraft the smithsonian national air and space museum describes the jump as the first planned freefall descent and an early demonstration of the ripcord principle 40 during project excelsior u s air force officer joseph kittinger made three high altitude parachute jumps to test emergency escape equipment his first jump from 23 286 m 76 398 ft in november 1959 nearly ended fatally when the lines of a stabilising parachute wrapped around his neck an emergency parachute opened at lower altitude a second jump followed three weeks later 41 on 16 august 1960 kittinger made the final excelsior jump from 31 333 m 102 799 ft he used a stabilising drogue remained in freefall for 4 minutes 37 seconds and reached more than 965 km h 600 mph before deploying his main parachute a failed pressure suit glove caused his hand to swell during the flight 41 on 1 november 1962 soviet parachutist yevgeny andreyev jumped from a balloon at 25 458 m 83 524 ft near saratov and fell 24 500 m 80 400 ft before opening his parachute the performance was recognised as an fai freefall distance record without a stabilising drogue 42 on 14 october 2012 felix baumgartner exited above roswell new mexico at 38 969 4 m 127 852 ft the fai ratified records for exit altitude vertical distance of freefall without a drogue and maximum vertical speed without a drogue he reached 1 357 6 km h 843 6 mph 43 on 24 october 2014 alan eustace raised the fai exit altitude record to 41 422 m 135 899 ft and set records for distance and maximum vertical speed with a drogue 44 formation records edit international parachuting records are registered an...
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