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d maintained by a charter management organization cmo cmos are typically non profit organizations and provide centralized services for a group of charter schools 5 there are some for profit education management organizations charter schools are held accountable by their authorizer there is debate on whether charter schools should be described as private schools or state schools 6 advocates of the charter model argue that they are public schools because they do not charge for tuition critics of charter schools assert that charter schools private operation with a lack of public accountability makes them more like private institutions subsidized by the public 7 by country edit see also category education by country australia edit all australian private schools have received some federal government funding since the 1970s 8 since then they have educated approximately 30 of high school students none of them are charter schools as all charge tuition fees since 2009 the government of western australia has been trialling the independent public school ips initiative 9 these public schools have greater autonomy and could be regarded as akin to charter schools but the term is not used in australia bulgaria edit the first charter school in bulgaria 151 general education school with interest based profiles was established in 1990 in sofia bulgaria canada edit the canadian province of alberta enacted legislation in 1994 allowing charter schools 10 the first charter schools under the new legislation were established in 1995 new horizons charter school suzuki charter school and the centre for academic and personal excellence 11 as of 2015 update alberta remains the only canadian province that has enabled charter schools 12 there are 23 charter school campuses operated by 13 alberta charter schools 13 14 the number of charter schools was limited to a maximum of 15 15 but the provincial government eliminated this cap effective september 2020 16 17 chile edit chile has a very long history of private subsidized schooling akin to charter schooling in the united states before the 1980s most private subsidized schools were religious and owned by churches or other private parties but they received support from the central government in the 1980s the dictatorship of augusto pinochet promoted neoliberal reforms in the country 18 in 1981 a competitive voucher system in education was adopted 19 these vouchers 20 could be used in public schools or private subsidized schools which can be run for profit after this reform the share of private subsidized schools many of them secular grew from 18 5 of schools in 1980 to 32 7 of schools in 2001 21 as of 2012 nearly 60 of chilean students study in charter schools 22 denmark edit see also education in denmark free primary schools have long existed in denmark often with roots in grundtvig s folk high school movement many other independent schools have a religious focus or cater for the german speaking minority in schleswig danish private schools have often been set up on the initiative of a group of parents around 75 of pupils costs are covered by the public purse with the remainder paid by parents a supervisor appointed by the parents checks that teaching of core subjects meets the standards of the elementary school some 90 000 pupils 15 of schoolchildren attend danish private schools profits in danish private schools stay in the business 23 24 england and wales edit main articles academy english school and free school england the united kingdom established grant maintained schools in england and wales in 1988 25 they allowed individual schools that were independent of the local school authority when they were abolished in 1998 most turned into foundation schools which are really under their local district authority but still have a high degree of autonomy prior to the 2010 general election there were about 200 academies publicly funded schools with a significant degree of autonomy in england 26 finland edit in 2007 there were 75 private general education schools in finland of these 47 were members of the association of private schools in addition to special education schools 13 of the pupils in its member schools were in adult secondary schools 8 in language schools 8 in special education schools steiner schools and freinet schools and 5 in christian schools 27 according to the finnish broadcasting corporation twenty of the private schools were christian in 2011 28 private schools started to be established in finland in the mid 19th century reaching a peak of 346 schools between 1965 and 1966 before their number started to decline in the late 1960s and 1970s due to municipalisations nationalisations and closures 27 more than 80 of finnish upper secondary schools were originally founded and run by a private association or limited company 27 private primary schools need a licence from the government and other educational institutions from the ministry of education to operate most private schools follow the national curriculum exceptions to this are international and foreign language schools such as international baccalaureate schools tuition fees may not be charged in finnish private schools with the exception of some foreign language schools but the schools are financed by per pupil grants from the state and municipalities the operator of a private school must be a non profit making organisation germany edit the operation of private preschools primary and secondary schools is permitted in accordance with art 7 of the grundgesetz german constitution 29 they are regulated by the laws applying the federal state in which they are based and must not be inferior to the state schools in terms of their educational aims their facilities nor the professional training of their teaching staff furthermore segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents may not be encouraged in return all private schools are supported financially by government bodies comparable with charter schools the amount of control over school organization curriculum etc by the state differs from state to state and from school to school average financial support given by government bodies was 85 of total costs in 2009 30 hong kong edit main article direct subsidy scheme some private schools in hong kong receive government subsidy under the direct subsidy scheme dss 31 dss schools are free to design their curriculum select their own students and charge for tuition a number of dss schools were formerly state schools prior to joining the scheme ireland edit irish charter schools were set up mostly in the 1700s by the church of ireland to educate the poor they were state or charity sponsored but run by the church the model to copy was kilkenny college but critics like bernard mandeville felt that educating too many poor children would lead them to have unrealistic expectations notable examples are the collegiate school celbridge midleton college wilson s hospital school and the king s hospital netherlands edit main article special school netherlands new zealand edit main article charter schools in new zealand charter schools in new zealand labelled as partnership schools kura hourua 32 were allowed for after an agreement between the national party and the act party following the 2011 general election the controversial legislation passed with a five vote majority a small number of charter schools started in 2013 and 2014 all cater for students who have struggled in the normal state school system most of the students have issues with drugs alcohol poor attendance and achievement most of the students are maori or pacific islander one of the schools is set up as a military academy citation needed one of the schools ran into major difficulties within weeks of starting it is now being run by an executive manager from child youth and family a government social welfare organization together with a commissioner appointed by the ministry of education citation needed 36 organizations have applied to start charter schools norway edit see also education in norway as in sweden the publicly funded but privately run charter schools in norway are named friskoler and was formally instituted in 2003 but dismissed in 2007 private schools have since medieval times been a part of the education system and is today consisting of 63 montessori and 32 steiner waldorf charter schools some religious schools and 11 non governmental funded schools like the oslo international school the german school max tau and the french school lycée français a total of 195 schools all charter schools can have a list of admission priorities but only the non governmental funded schools are allowed to select their students and to make a profit the charter schools cannot have entrance exams and supplemental fees are very restricted in 2013 a total of 19 105 children were enrolled in privately run schools 33 spain edit in spain charter schools are called escuela concertada they are educational centers for compulsory education second cycle of kindergarten primary and secondary education that receive government funding and follow the official curriculum but are privately owned this model was established following the approval of the organic law on the right to education lode approved by the spanish parliament in 1985 which aimed to ensure universal access to compulsory education at a time when the public administration did not have enough of its own schools to meet educational demand especially in rapidly growing neighborhoods 34 it is estimated that around 27 of students in catalonia are enrolled in a charter school data for the 2024 2025 academic year indicate an approximate total of 1 262 492 students in the general system with 901 267 in public schools 71 339 423 in charter schools 27 and 21 802 in private schools 2 although these figures are aggregated and not broken down by compulsory phase 35 according to the educational think tank fundació bofill catalonia is among the 8 oecd countries with the greatest weight of charter school education 36 sweden edit see also education in sweden the swedish system of friskolor free schools was instituted in 1992 19 these are publicly funded by school vouchers and can be run by not for profits as well as for profit companies 37 the schools are restricted for example they are prohibited from supplementing the public funds with tuition or other fees pupils must be admitted on a first come first served basis and entrance exams are not permitted 38 there are about 900 charter schools throughout the country 39 united states edit main article charter schools in the united states charter school share in the united states by state public charter school private school private edchoice homeschool magnet school public school according to the education commission of the states charter schools are semi autonomous public schools that receive public funds they operate under a written contract with a state district or other entity referred to as an authorizer or sponsor this contract or charter details how the school will be organized and managed what students will be expected to achieve and how success will be measured many charters are exempt from a variety of laws and regulations affecting other public schools if they continue to meet the terms of their charters 40 these schools however need to follow state mandated curricula and are subject to the same rules and regulations that cover them although there is flexibility in the way this is realized 41 ser niños charter school a charter school in the gulfton area of houston texas minnesota passed the first charter school law in the united states in 1991 as of 2015 update minnesota had 165 registered charter schools with over 41 000 students attending the first of these to be approved bluffview montessori school in winona minnesota opened in 1992 the first charter to operate was city academy in st paul some specialized minnesota charter schools include the metro deaf school 1993 community of peace academy 1995 and the mainstreet school of performing arts 2004 42 as of december 2021 update approximately 8 000 charter schools enrolled an estimated total of 3 7 million students nationwide 43 the numbers equate to 7 4 of total public school students 291 new charter schools opened their doors in the 2021 22 school year however the charter sector lost 15 047 students that year 2020 21 marked one of the largest single year increase ever recorded in terms of the number of additional students attending charter schools but 2021 22 marked the first ever decline in enrollment 43 the most radical experimentation with charter schools in the united states possibly occurred in new orleans louisiana in the wake of hurricane katrina 2005 as of 2009 update the new orleans public schools system was engaged in reforms aimed at decentralizing power away from the pre katrina public school board to individual charter school principals and boards monitoring charter school performance by granting renewable five year operating contracts permitting the closure of those not succeeding and parents the choice to enroll their children in almost any school in the district 44 new orleans is one of two cities in the united states of america where the majority of school students attend charter schools 45 78 of all new orleans schoolchildren studied in charter schools during the 2011 12 school year 46 by may 2014 all but five of new orleans public schools were charter schools 47 unlike their public counterparts laws governing charter schools vary greatly the three states with the highest number of students enrolled in charter schools are california arizona and michigan 48 these differences largely relate to what types of public agencies are permitted to authorize the creation of charter schools whether or not and through what processes private schools can convert to charter schools and what certification if any charter school teachers require in california local school districts are the most frequent granters of school charters if a local school district denies a charter application or if the proposed charter school provides services not provided by the local school districts a county board consisting of superintendents from state schools or the state board of education can grant a charter 49 the arizona state board for charter schools grants charters in arizona local school districts and the state board of education can also grant charters in contrast the creation of charter schools in michigan can be authorized only by local school boards or by the governing school boards of state colleges and universities 50 different states with charter school legislation have adopted widely different positions in regard to the conversion of private schools to charter schools california for example does not allow the conversion of private schools into charter schools both arizona and michigan allow such conversions but with different requirements a priv...
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