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tion main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 defining globalization 2 emergence of a world system toggle emergence of a world system subsection 2 1 the three principles of archaic globalization 2 2 economic exchange 2 3 expansion of long distance trade 2 4 the spread of goods and ideas 2 5 major trade routes 2 6 proto globalization 2 7 modern globalization 3 see also 4 references toggle the table of contents archaic globalization 8 languages العربية azərbaycanca বাংলা bahasa indonesia 한국어 پښتو português 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia historical period of globalization the 13th century world system as described by janet abu lughod archaic globalization is a phase in the history of globalization and conventionally refers to globalizing events and developments from the time of the earliest civilizations until roughly 1600 the following period is known as early modern globalization archaic globalization describes the relationships between communities and states and how they were created by the geographical spread of ideas and social norms at both local and regional levels 1 states began to interact and trade with others within close proximity as a way to acquire coveted goods that were considered a luxury this trade led to the spread of ideas such as religion economic structures and political ideals merchants became connected and aware of others in ways that had not been apparent archaic globalization is comparable to present day globalization on a much smaller scale it not only allowed the spread of goods and commodities to other regions but it also allowed people to experience other cultures cities that partook in trading were bound together by sea lanes rivers and great overland trade routes some of which had been in use since antiquity 2 trading was broken up according to geographic location with centers between flanking places serving as break in bulk and exchange points for goods destined for more distant markets 2 during this time period the subsystems were more self sufficient than they are today and therefore less vitally dependent upon one another for everyday survival 2 while long distance trading came with trials and tribulations still so much of it went on during this early time period linking the trade together involved eight interlinked subsystems that were grouped into three large circuits which encompassed the western european the middle eastern and the far eastern circuits this interaction during trading was early civilization s way to communicate and spread a number of ideas that caused modern globalization to emerge and allowed a new aspect to present day society citation needed defining globalization edit globalization is the process of increasing interconnectedness between regions and individuals steps toward globalization include economic political technological social and cultural connections around the world the term archaic can be described as early ideals and functions that were once historically apparent in society but may have disintegrated over time there are three main prerequisites for globalization to occur the first is the idea of eastern origins which shows how western states have adapted and implemented learned principles from the east 3 without the traditional ideas from the east western globalization would not have emerged the way it did the second is distance the interactions amongst states were not on a global scale and most often were confined to asia north africa the middle east and certain parts of europe 3 with early globalization it was difficult for states to interact with others that were not within close proximity eventually technological advances allowed states to learn of others existence and another phase of globalization was able to occur the third has to do with interdependency stability and regularity this is one of the driving forces behind global connections and trade without either globalization would not have emerged the way it did and states would still be dependent on their own production and resources to function this is one of the arguments surrounding the idea of early globalization it is argued that archaic globalization did not function in a similar manner to modern globalization because states were not as interdependent on others as they are today 4 emergence of a world system edit historians argue that a world system was in order before the rise of modern capitalism between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries this is referred to as the early age of capitalism where long distance trade market exchange and capital accumulation existed amongst states 1 from around 3000 bce to 1000 ce connectivity within afro eurasia was centered upon the indo mediterranean region 5 in the 1st millennium bce the sea borne colonial trading systems of the ancient greeks phoenicians and carthaginians came to span the mediterranean area 6 and a proto silk road started to connect traders in eastern and western eurasia by c 800 ce greek roman and muslim empires emerged covering areas known today as europe citation needed and the middle east major religions such as christianity islam and buddhism spread to distant lands where many continue to operate today one of the most popular examples of distant trade routes can be seen with the silk route between china and the mediterranean movement and trade with art and luxury goods between arab regions south asia and africa 7 these relationships through trade mainly formed in the east and eventually led to the development of capitalism citation needed it was at this time that power and land shifted from the nobility and church to the bourgeoisie and division of labor in production emerged 8 during the later part of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth century an international trade system developed between states ranging from northwestern europe to china 9 during the 1500s other asian empires emerged which engaged in trading over longer distances than before during the early exchanges between states europe had little to offer with the exception of slaves metals wood and furs 10 the push for selling of items in the east drove european production and helped integrate the inhabitants of europe into the exchange 11 the european expansion and growth of opportunities for trade made possible by the crusades increased the renaissance of agriculture mining and manufacturing 11 rapid urbanization throughout europe allowed a connection from the north sea to venice 11 advances in industrialization coupled with the rouse of population growth and the growing demands of the eastern trade led to the growth of true trading emporia with outlets to the sea 11 there is a multi polar nature to archaic globalization which involved the active participation of non europeans because it predated the great divergence of the nineteenth century in which western europe pulled ahead of the rest of the world in terms of industrial production and economic output archaic globalization was a phenomenon that was driven not only by europe but also by other economically developed old world centers such as gujarat bengal coastal china and japan 12 these pre capitalist movements were regional rather than global and for the most part temporary this idea of early globalization was proposed by the historian a g hopkins in 2001 13 hopkins main points on archaic globalization can be seen with trade and diaspora that developed from this as well as religious ideas and empires that spread throughout the region 14 this new interaction amongst states led to interconnections between parts of the world which led to the eventual interdependency amongst these state actors 15 the main actors that partook in the spreading of goods and ideas were kings warriors priests and traders hopkins also addresses that during this time period mini globalizations were prominent and that some collapsed or became more insular 3 these mini globalizations are referred to as episodic and ruptured with empires sometimes overreaching and having to retract 3 these mini globalizations left remnants that allowed the west to adopt these new ideals leading to the idea of western capitalism the adopted ideals can be seen in the western monetary system and are central to systems like capitalism that define modernity and modern globalization 4 the three principles of archaic globalization edit archaic globalization consists of three principles universalizing kingship expansion of religious movements and medicinal understanding the universalizing of kingship led soldiers and monarchs far distances to find honor and prestige however the crossing over foreign lands also gave the traveling men opportunity to exchange prized goods this expanded trade between distant lands which consequently increased the amount of social and economic relations despite the vast distances covered by monarchs and their companies pilgrimages remain one of the greatest global movements of people finally the desire for better health was the remaining push behind archaic globalization while the trading of spices precious stones animals and weapons remained of major importance people began to seek medicine from faraway lands this implemented more trade routes especially to china for their tea 16 economic exchange edit with the increase in trade and state linkage economic exchange extended throughout the region and caused actors to form new relationships 17 this early economic development can be seen in champagne fairs which were outdoor markets where traveling merchants came to sell their products and make purchases 18 traditionally market fairs used barter as opposed to money once larger itinerant merchants began to frequent them the need for currency became greater and a money changer needed to be established 18 some historical scholars who argue that this was the beginning of the role of banker and the institution of credit an example can be seen with one individual in need of an item the urban merchant does not ordinarily stock the product seeker orders the item which the merchant promises to bring him next time the product seeker either gives credit to the merchant by paying them in advance gets credit from the merchant by promising to pay them once the item is in stock or some type of concession is made through a down payment if the product seeker does not have the amount required by the merchant he may borrow from the capital stored by the money changer or he may mortgage part of his expected harvest either from the money charger or the merchant he is seeking goods from 19 this lengthy transaction eventually resulted in a complex economic system and once the weekly market began to expand from barter to the monetized system required by long distance trading 19 a higher circuit of trade developed once urban traders from outside city limits travelled from distant directions to the market center in the quest to buy or sell goods merchants would then begin to meet at the same spot on a weekly basis allowing for them to arrange with other merchants to bring special items for exchange that were not demanded by the local agriculturalists but for markets in their home towns 19 when the local individuals placed advanced orders customers from towns of different traders may begin to place order for items in a distant town that their trader can order from their counterpart this central meeting point becomes the focus of long distance trade and how it began to increase 19 expansion of long distance trade edit in order for trade to be able to expand during this early time period it required some basic functions of the market as well as the merchants the first was security goods that were being transported began to have more value and the merchants needed to protect their coveted goods especially since they were often traveling through poor areas where the risk of theft was high to overcome this problem merchants began to travel in caravans as a way to ensure their personal safety as well as the safety of their goods 20 the second prerequisite to early long distant trade had to be an agreement on a rate of exchange since a number of the merchants came from distant lands with different monetary systems a system had to be put into place as a way to enforce repayment of previous goods repay previous debt and to ensure contracts were upheld 20 expansion was also able to thrive so long as it had a motive for exchange as a way to promote trade amongst foreign lands also outside merchants access to trading sites was a critical factor in trade route growth the spread of goods and ideas edit the most popular goods produced were spices which were traded over short distances while manufactured goods were central to the system and could not have been aided without them 9 the invention of money in the form of gold coins in europe and middle east and paper money in china around the thirteenth century allowed trade to move more easily between the different actors 21 the main actors involved in this system viewed gold silver and copper as valuable on different levels nevertheless goods were transferred prices set exchange rates agreed upon contracts entered into credit extended partnerships formed and agreements that were made were kept on record and honored 22 during this time of globalization credit was also used as a means for trading the use of credit began in the form of blood ties but later led to the emergence the banker as a profession 23 during this period the republic of genoa and the republic of venice emerged as prominent commercial and maritime powers in europe and in the mediterranean area as a whole genoa strategically located in the mediterranean controlled crucial trade routes connecting western europe with the middle east and north africa and the black sea this positioning solidified its role as a vital commercial hub facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas across continents meanwhile venice dominated trade in the adriatic establishing and maintaining an extensive network of routes known as the venetian maritime empire these routes reached into the byzantine and ottoman empires allowing venice to wield significant economic and political influence in the region both republics fiercely competed for control of territories and trade routes shaping the economic landscape and cultural exchange of their time ...
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