Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, law, of, trade, references, rights, consumer, policy, security, the, european, union, contents, history, constitutional, administrative, free, movement, social, market, regulations, public, regulation, see, also, notes, sources, external, links, treaties, executive, institutions, legislature, judiciary, conflict, laws, direct, effect, remedies, judicial, review, human, principles, goods, workers, citizens, establishment, services, capital, protection, labour, companies, investment, competition, commerce, intellectual, property, education, health, banking, monetary, fiscal, electricity, energy, agriculture, forestry, water, transport, buildings, communications, data, media, markets, products, foreign, justice,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (2279), and (1292), for (444), law (443), that (407), #european (385), directive (306), not (281), court (271), was (243), member (240), art (217), rights (205), commission (193), justice (190), states (182), are (177), article (176), this (175), union (173), with (166), from (164), case (161), have (158), see (143), state (139), arts (136), regulation (132), tfeu (125), has (121), which (118), but (115), its (111), there (107), held (101), right (94), treaty (88), under (84), all (81), also (81), other (80), social (80), general (76), their (76), company (76), public (75), council (75), free (73), energy (72), had (72), could (72), policy (69), services (69), can (69), ecr (69), were (66), economic (65), market (65), legal (64), health (64), 2000 (64), articles (63), they (63), human (62), parliament (62), more (60), any (60), would (57), standards (57), requires (56), where (55), international (54), government (54), must (54), national (53), trade (53), such (52), act (51), rules (51), 2007 (50), people (50), because (50), teu (50), movement (50), main (50), should (49), may (48), 2013 (48), only (48), treaties (47), protection (47), europe (46), 2001 (46), principles (45), 2004 (45), 2011 (45), 2009 (44), service (44), edit (44), labour (43), however (43), 2015 (42), common (42), than (42), information (41), 2003 (41), effect (41), german (40), capital (40), workers (40), 2022 (39), citizens (39), central (39), consumer (39), direct (39), while (39), freedom (38), without (38), first (37), directives (36), laws (36), community (36), competition (36), 2010 (36), 2006 (36), who (36), between (36), after (36), charter (35), 2012 (35), system (35), minimum (35), echr (35), 2019 (35), germany (35), most (35), education (34), security (34), transport (34), bank (34), against (34), although (34), over (34), constitutional (33), financial (33), data (33), 2002 (33), principle (33), van (33), time (33), work (33), consumers (33), use (32), sources (32), 2014 (32), yet (32), require (32), been (32), united (31), new (31), 2008 (31), 2005 (31), employment (31), through (31), regulations (30), institutions (30), media (30), judicial (30), into (30), 1966 (30), each (30), gas (30), does (30), companies (30), fundamental (29), monetary (29), legislation (29), tax (29), cases (29), set (29), these (29), within (29), dutch (28), power (28), required (28), courts (28), french (27), higher (27), per (27), legislative (27), procedure (27), review (27), ltd (27), vote (27), based (27), business (27), ensure (27), investment (26), made (26), requirements (26), cfreu (26), france (26), further (26), even (26), 2016 (25), political (25), 1948 (25), unfair (25), products (25), majority (25), agreement (24), development (24), markets (24), property (24), water (24), emissions (24), access (24), one (24), plc (24), out (24), two (24), non (23), agricultural (23), banks (23), private (23), renewable (23), 2018 (23), internet (23), price (23), pay (23), did (23), example (23), contrast (23), years (23), parties (22), opinion (22), commercial (22), working (22), decision (22), being (22), individual (22), take (22), countries (22), when (22), different (21), university (21), 2020 (21), 1994 (21), since (21), basic (21), will (21), some (21), netherlands (21), though (21), generally (21), italy (21), google (21), meant (21), environment (20), insurance (20), stability (20), civil (20), society (20), product (20), treatment (20), practices (20), production (20), equality (20), discrimination (20), enterprise (20), like (20), including (20), 1997 (20), interest (20), same (20), them (20), third (20), give (20), particularly (20), terms (19), contract (19), statute (19), electronic (19), oxford (19), udhr (19), governance (19), ireland (19), those (19), means (19), his (19), prices (19), part (19), justified (19), three (19), governments (19), need (18), british (18), convention (18), area (18), foreign (18), president (18), before (18), eec (18), 1991 (18), craig (18), make (18), measures (18), prevent (18), full (18), requirement (18), entitled (18), fair (18), view (17), code (17), safety (17), budget (17), 1986 (17), corporate (17), equal (17), búrca (17), democracy (17), 1950 (17), gmbh (17), given (17), land (17), protect (17), establishment (17), 1999 (17), high (17), claimed (17), allowed (17), wikipedia (16), 2021 (16), spain (16), authority (16), acts (16), constitution (16), environmental (16), single (16), euro (16), 1995 (16), 1993 (16), rule (16), eur (16), lex (16), million (16), shall (16), necessary (16), way (16), says (16), annex (16), conditions (16), year (16), 1989 (16), requiring (16), functioning (16), belgium (16), elected (16), 1996 (16), position (16), aim (16), claim (16), then (16), both (16), goods (16), italian (15), executive (15), history (15), framework (15), policies (15), fund (15), 1985 (15), coal (15), party (15), home (15), internal (15), kingdom (15), action (15), basis (15), directly (15), icescr (15), duty (15), least (15), climate (15), judges (15), world (15), 1961 (15), belgian (15), 1974 (15), worker (15), contracts (15), voting (15), denmark (15), provisions (15), owned (15), second (15), according (15), among (15), administrative (14), banking (14), democratic (14), communications (14), content (14), every (14), leave (14), own (14), important (14), clear (14), commerce (14), living (14), final (14), found (14), 1992 (14), become (14), costs (14), cannot (14), crisis (14), care (14), austria (14), include (14), restrictions (14), undertakings (14), provision (14), needed (14), employees (14), effective (14), citizen (14), claims (14), itself (14), limited (14), corporations (14), clean (14), applies (14), about (13), available (13), profit (13), republic (13), agreements (13), having (13), person (13), economy (13), group (13), practice (13), systems (13), order (13), liability (13), electricity (13), performance (13), rome (13), isbn (13), board (13), unless (13), rejected (13), paid (13), food (13), oil (13), 1979 (13), bargaining (13), money (13), rather (13), developed (13), fiscal (13), allow (13), whether (13), duties (13), risk (13), applied (13), often (13), still (13), body (13), issues (12), subject (12), mechanism (12), citizenship (12), criminal (12), elections (12), 1990 (12), 1998 (12), 1972 (12), waste (12), buildings (12), life (12), four (12), members (12), press (12), report (12), everyone (12), bring (12), limits (12), payments (12), damage (12), investors (12), supply (12), improvement (12), powers (12), share (12), dominant (12), collective (12), securities (12), employee (12), refer (12), 1988 (12), activity (12), regarded (12), another (12), well (12), breach (12), said (12), decisions (12), called (12), create (12), manufacturers (12), authorities (12), ecb (12), text (11), apply (11), committee (11), vehicle (11), journal (11), copyright (11), staff (11), bodies (11), patent (11), supreme (11), fact (11), gend (11), loos (11), universal (11), preliminary (11), lisbon (11), december (11), 2017 (11), iccpr (11), sets (11), quality (11), management (11), change (11), equally (11), post (11), shares (11), many (11), long (11), outside (11), minister (11), created (11), less (11), failed (11), implement (11), far (11), accession (11), adopted (11), votes (11), fossil (11), around (11), usually (11), imports (11), debt (11), privacy (10), using (10), control (10), objective (10), association (10), process (10), eurozone (10), integration (10), commissioners (10), level (10), protected (10), obligations (10), microsoft (10), trading (10), vehicles (10), good (10), proposed (10), doi (10), europa (10), july (10), persons (10), days (10), billion (10), changes (10), specific (10), disproportionate (10), 147 (10), 101 (10), compensation (10), agriculture (10), now (10), conflicts (10), spa (10), proportionate (10), corporation (10), beyond (10), argued (10), 263 (10), 294 (10), 1963 (10), race (10), unlawful (10), number (10), portugal (10), fined (10), abuse (10), instance (10), receive (10), ownership (10), provide (10), benefits (10), greenhouse (10), comply (10), limit (10), increasingly (10), questions (10), binding (10), cent (10), actions (10), conduct (9), september (9), references (9), ordinary (9), value (9), customs (9), defence (9), list (9), wage (9), country (9), damages (9), structure (9), intellectual (9), office (9), others (9), costa (9), move (9), consultation (9), maastricht (9), existing (9), 978 (9), five (9), brexit (9), our (9), upon (9), able (9), facebook (9), der (9), various (9), holding (9), regulatory (9), passenger (9), com (9), subsidies (9), competence (9), following (9), plan (9), communication (9), proposals (9), 282 (9), interpreted (9), led (9), support (9), progress (9), retirement (9), voice (9), 288 (9), 112 (9), shareholder (9), scope (9), merely (9), might (9), interpret (9), reference (9), luxembourg (9), aid (9), exist (9), thought (9), providers (9), operating (9), rail (9), failure (9), therefore (9), selling (9), similarly (9), follow (9), concern (9), ministers (9), search (8), october (8), june (8), status (8), healthcare (8), cooperation (8), currency (8), military (8), independent (8), secretary (8), judiciary (8), 1973 (8), women (8), election (8), interpretation (8), theory (8), measure (8), making (8), war (8), family (8), anti (8), fraud (8), corp (8), term (8), ruling (8), consent (8), merger (8), edn (8), cambridge (8), barnard (8), greater (8), resources (8), age (8), she (8), personal (8), uksc (8), provided (8), enough (8), respect (8), competitive (8), adequate (8), road (8), emission (8), s2cid (8), what (8), 1964 (8), serious (8), neutral (8), choice (8), gdp (8), large (8), 106 (8), occupational (8), 1976 (8), involvement (8), codified (8), weeks (8), week (8), concept (8), possible (8), 415 (8), rwe (8), primary (8), paris (8), applicable (8), appeal (8), nationals (8), wages (8), her (8), reasoned (8), 267 (8), wide (8), seek (8), pre (8), referendum (8), promote (8), sweden (8), establishing (8), toxic (8), commissioner (8), networks (8), enterprises (8), open (8), advertising (8), 2030 (8), affected (8), hours (8), firms (8), just (8), farm (8), reduce (8), qualified (8), creating (8), barriers (8), fourth (8), standing (8), residence (8), toggle (7), mobile (7), 2025 (7), statements (7), language (7), potentially (7), english (7), czech (7), man (7), global (7), resolution (7), groups (7), special (7), largest (7), external (7), steel (7), tribunal (7), industry (7), school (7), enforcement (7), remedy (7), economics (7), construction (7), evidence (7), deutsches (7), amsterdam (7), restriction (7), pollution (7), end (7), fuels (7), 261 (7), digital (7), primacy (7), maximum (7), 100 (7), fines (7), audiovisual (7), worked (7), radio (7), cjeu (7), assistance (7), line (7), volkswagen (7), ban (7), target (7), simply (7), cap (7), draft (7), prejudice (7), gross (7), lawful (7), despite (7), guarantee (7), goals (7), london (7), mainly (7), appropriate (7), airways (7), themselves (7), account (7), self (7), centros (7), insolvency (7), 1970 (7), used (7), 102 (7), too (7), 157 (7), hungary (7), marshall (7), 281 (7), established (7), contrary (7), des (7), horizontal (7), men (7), kadi (7), belastingen (7), highly (7), greece (7), nations (7), children (7), approach (7), operate (7), someone (7), purpose (7), sought (7), liable (7), count (7), today (7), enable (7), until (7), compared (7), instead (7), remains (7), bound (7), creates (7), months (7), limiting (7), especially (7), participation (7), during (7), agreed (7), registered (6), organization (6), inc (6), page (6), categories (6), containing (6), written (6), march (6), short (6), 1958 (6), block (6), peace (6), strategy (6), structural (6), funds (6), network (6), speed (6), official (6), centre (6), 1984 (6), 1981 (6), communities (6), 1957 (6), agency (6), question (6), representation (6), lawyer (6), jurisdiction (6), judgment (6), administration (6), statutory (6), reform (6), natural (6), trust (6), nationality (6), conflict (6), enel (6), rulings (6), instruments (6), habitats (6), dangerous (6), birds (6), best (6), indirect (6), illegal (6), transparency (6), science (6), something (6), russian (6), engaged (6), back (6), day (6), exchange (6), across (6), november (6), legitimate (6), recital (6), 434 (6), iss (6), request (6), entirely (6), form (6), net (6), previously (6), 000 (6), housing (6), standard (6), followed (6), light (6), forestry (6), rural (6), 151 (6), welfare (6), 107 (6), 379 (6), equivalent (6), shell (6), challenge (6), increasing (6), again (6), student (6), loans (6), students (6), universities (6), 1968 (6), governing (6), fees (6), deutsche (6), 250 (6), very (6), employed (6), works (6), defines (6), application (6), regarding (6), 319 (6), directors (6), transfer (6), ultimate (6), originally (6), hour (6), meaning (6), separate (6), consumption (6), 169 (6), chs (6), few (6), 345 (6), unjustified (6), assets (6), brought (6), intended (6), nor (6), justification (6), cmlr (6), 287 (6), bolzano (6), local (6), probably (6), certain (6), teec (6), secondary (6), peoples (6), minority (6), seen (6), infringed (6), received (6), significant (6), criticised (6), true (6), suggested (6), technical (6), impose (6), unlike (6), reason (6), 1987 (6), solange (6), für (6), consensus (6), strasbourg (6), challenged (6), whole (6), 1956 (6), values (6), poland (6), romania (6), similar (6), legislate (6), proposal (6), funded (6), knowledge (6), citation (6), series (6), giving (6), benefit (6), buy (6), responsibility (6), provider (6), demand (6), user (6), child (6), fall (6), restrict (6), result (6), representatives (6), publicly (6), generation (6), delay (6), flight (6), fuel (6), firm (6), total (6), sold (6), remedies (6), gives (6), raise (6), marketing (6), down (6), hinder (6), negative (6), gave (6), wealth (6), authorisation (6), insolvent (6), establish (6), show (6), affirmed (6), interests (6), investments (6), lived (6), decide (6), judgments (6), signed (6), contents (5), statement (5), statistics (5), agree (5), last (5), unsourced (5), february (5), january (5), 2024 (5), 2023 (5), wayback (5), links (5), retrieved (5), parliamentary (5), bloc (5), declaration (5), portal (5), lists (5), numbers (5), holidays (5), culture (5), enlargement (5), assembly (5), eastern (5), sport (5), regional (5), permanent (5), driving (5), schengen (5), average (5), withdrawal (5), institute (5), auditors (5), institution (5), legislature (5), areas (5), seats (5), points (5), border (5), dispute (5), function (5), tort (5), inspire (5), francovich (5), freely (5), charges (5), harmonisation (5), acting (5), procedures (5), types (5), relationship (5), essential (5), mcgaughey (5), context (5), complete (5), big (5), annual (5), ukhl (5), views (5), avoid (5), how (5), stop (5), taxi (5), uber (5), remuneration (5), abroad (5), regulate (5), known (5), nature (5), speeds (5), city (5), postal (5), railway (5), bus (5), heavy (5), bathing (5), spanish (5), waters (5), timber (5), type (5), asset (5), federal (5), nordrhein (5), westfalen (5), foster (5), 188 (5), 105 (5), 944 (5), advocate (5), jacobs (5), carbon (5), 152 (5), biomass (5), continue (5), defined (5), why (5), forms (5), turn (5), 194 (5), income (5), 134 (5), credit (5), 283 (5), 138 (5), nhs (5), capacity (5), 413 (5), 201 (5), 1978 (5), 225 (5), 1983 (5), original (5), wall (5), 167 (5), 212 (5), turkey (5), hand (5), 555 (5), implementing (5), mean (5), opposed (5), exercise (5), unequal (5), impact (5), transnational (5), 127 (5), aide (5), sociale (5), angonese (5), 196 (5), defrenne (5), sabena (5), former (5), clearly (5), prohibiting (5), towards (5), test (5), taxation (5), expression (5), 144 (5), kücükdeveci (5), swedex (5), 352 (5), eventually (5), transactions (5), charge (5), job (5), dori (5), employer (5), approval (5), individuals (5), deny (5), sell (5), machine (5), archived (5), 402 (5), nederlandse (5), sufficient (5), reduced (5), propose (5), included (5), stated (5), never (5), left (5), membership (5), amazon (5), leading (5), install (5), websites (5), competitors (5), prime (5), activities (5), providing (5), prohibits (5), dignity (5), whose (5), discriminatory (5), regulated (5), break (5), largely (5), boards (5), infrastructure (5), regulator (5), reasonable (5), finally (5), eliminate (5), solar (5), wind (5), wherever (5), air (5), lower (5), violated (5), overriding (5), enabling (5), active (5), purchase (5), place (5), bill (5), businesses (5), producers (5), enforce (5), loss (5), hold (5), reserves (5), buying (5), rates (5), appointed (5), say (5), justify (5), harmonised (5), schools (5), berlin (5), depending (5), competitor (5), bought (5), mergers (5), mandatory (5), version (5), prohibited (5), solidarity (5), concerned (5), managers (5), prevented (5), bottom (5), fields (5), taxes (5), restricted (5), thus (5), importance (5), soviet (5), alcohol (5), addition (5), representing (5), sue (5), senior (5), meps (5), subsection (5), languages (4), additional (4), foundation (4), link (4), lacking (4), style (4), presidents (4), studies (4), house (4), current (4), space (4), mobility (4), supervision (4), registration (4), licence (4), matters (4), asylum (4), legitimacy (4), expense (4), procurement (4), opt (4), initiative (4), offices (4), vice (4), foundations (4), urban (4), territories (4), larger (4), 1962 (4), 1951 (4), ideas (4), judge (4), pluralism (4), drugs (4), animal (4), dassonville (4), paul (4), metock (4), kamer (4), koophandel (4), voor (4), factortame (4), bosman (4), temporary (4), medical (4), devices (4), integrated (4), technology (4), reach (4), brussels (4), online (4), 258 (4), 4th (4), 2nd (4), 3rd (4), michael (4), philosophical (4), want (4), highest (4), put (4), users (4), future (4), longer (4), wishes (4), host (4), inform (4), exempt (4), setting (4), north (4), neutrality (4), controls (4), electric (4), scandal (4), alleged (4), summary (4), 150 (4), drinking (4), bibcode (4), financing (4), 1306 (4), real (4), objectives (4), farmers (4), developing (4), paper (4), storage (4), bioenergy (4), 231 (4), pricing (4), 285 (4), wilson (4), friends (4), earth (4), royal (4), 411 (4), 516 (4), 370 (4), deposit (4), 103 (4), goal (4), ehrr (4), 453 (4), patients (4), department (4), ability (4), substantial (4), england (4), 209 (4), bidar (4), borough (4), ealing (4), problems (4), 252 (4), academic (4), mail (4), brands (4), taken (4), 234 (4), 519 (4), anyone (4), transfers (4), aiming (4), unlimited (4), iii (4), 438 (4), 1345 (4), demir (4), baykara (4), 397 (4), wtd (4), 243 (4), off (4), cover (4), contain (4), 153 (4), parallel (4), banco (4), español (4), faith (4), cause (4), 109 (4), 145 (4), distribution (4), 349 (4), inequality (4), golden (4), residents (4), 251 (4), watts (4), 1980 (4), here (4), 210 (4), 208 (4), little (4), viking (4), chapter (4), 333 (4), 184 (4), ultimately (4), remain (4), 293 (4), 213 (4), 387 (4), creation (4), 110 (4), 265 (4), 1982 (4), introduced (4), mangold (4), helm (4), debate (4), claimant (4), lord (4), outright (4), thirds (4), applying (4), recommendations (4), faccini (4), west (4), 148 (4), referred (4), 271 (4), leaving (4), 334 (4), chose (4), april (4), administratie (4), privatised (4), seat (4), relating (4), funding (4), smaller (4), unclear (4), allegations (4), allowing (4), organisations (4), 1969 (4), deficit (4), consequences (4), balanced (4), bulgaria (4), croatia (4), finland (4), estonia (4), cyprus (4), slovenia (4), malta (4), expressly (4), operators (4), scientific (4), compliance (4), comprehensive (4), results (4), traffic (4), name (4), turnover (4), phone (4), marketplace (4), discriminate (4), android (4), incitement (4), hatred (4), lack (4), sharing (4), transparent (4), preventing (4), enabled (4), actual (4), circumstances (4), quickly (4), travel (4), regulators (4), heads (4), accounts (4), heating (4), run (4), research (4), daily (4), delayed (4), major (4), follows (4), hs2 (4), alliance (4), keep (4), continent (4), hectares (4), 200 (4), receiving (4), supermarkets (4), takes (4), fifth (4), increase (4), owners (4), reasons (4), growing (4), deadline (4), enables (4), responsible (4), allows (4), fully (4), treated (4), spent (4), domestic (4), added (4), determined (4), greek (4), overseen (4), develop (4), hospitals (4), outcomes (4), grand (4), chamber (4), stay (4), shaped (4), always (4), low (4), intel (4), vertical (4), collectively (4), bans (4), includes (4), misleading (4), monopoly (4), employers (4), passport (4), scheme (4), instructions (4), shareholders (4), protecting (4), incorporated (4), stakeholders (4), incompatible (4), controversial (4), reflecting (4), individually (4), prohibition (4), participate (4), competences (4), initially (4), opted (4), won (4), conservative (4), advised (4), proper (4), balance (4), irish (4), failing (4), justifications (4), bonn (4), accepted (4), certificate (4), contravened (4), taking (4), konsumentombudsmannen (4), chocolate (4), schmidberger (4), exports (4), get (4), conflicting (4), refused (4), plaumann (4), reasoning (4), opinions (4), join (4), approve (4), currently (4), hide (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), table (3), contact (3), wikimedia (3), commons (3), license (3), updating (3), august (3), clarification (3), yale (3), norms (3), unilateral (3), religion (3), south (3), programme (3), partnership (3), neighbourhood (3), relations (3), card (3), green (3), cultural (3), migration (3), potential (3), accountability (3), supranational (3), preference (3), referendums (3), acquis (3), agencies (3), unified (3), atomic (3), 1954 (3), 1949 (3), 1967 (3), equity (3), bar (3), chambers (3), trial (3), proportionality (3), litigation (3), legality (3), decree (3), precedent (3), letters (3), estate (3), entertainment (3), unjust (3), enrichment (3), crime (3), duyn (3), und (3), procureur (3), roi (3), marleasing (3), comercial (3), fabrieken (3), equipment (3), substances (3), sea (3), reside (3), promotion (3), 116 (3), clinical (3), roaming (3), certainty (3), freedoms (3), alone (3), nice (3), advocates (3), evolution (3), weiler (3), understanding (3), lawyers (3), gráinne (3), materials (3), hart (3), 440 (3), sanctions (3), dsar (3), exemptions (3), accessible (3), entire (3), ads (3), interference (3), news (3), 162 (3), decided (3), accept (3), distortions (3), unrestricted (3), gdpr (3), informed (3), asociación (3), profesional (3), élite (3), 1535 (3), referring (3), distance (3), recipient (3), amending (3), correspondence (3), broadband (3), encourage (3), mbps (3), vodafone (3), argument (3), retail (3), situation (3), tickets (3), cheaper (3), petrol (3), 181 (3), 126 (3), counting (3), 120 (3), grams (3), 2035 (3), previous (3), 278 (3), dpr (3), force (3), shared (3), essent (3), 2050 (3), present (3), 500 (3), compare (3), landmark (3), forward (3), moving (3), fast (3), hydrocarbons (3), efficiency (3), interconnection (3), affect (3), determine (3), significantly (3), transaction (3), pringle (3), 114 (3), opec (3), 1970s (3), 131 (3), 423 (3), 189 (3), sick (3), prior (3), behind (3), perspective (3), protocol (3), linguistic (3), particular (3), tuition (3), productivity (3), 155 (3), laval (3), 457 (3), 132 (3), 202 (3), telecom (3), akzo (3), chemie (3), continental (3), 358 (3), 395 (3), 211 (3), 224 (3), 249 (3), protects (3), organise (3), ilo (3), manage (3), entity (3), organised (3), solo (3), 374 (3), stichting (3), 513 (3), ucits (3), street (3), historical (3), industrial (3), 552 (3), traditions (3), pfeiffer (3), kreuz (3), arguing (3), gains (3), increases (3), period (3), facts (3), extend (3), deakin (3), 488 (3), verbraucherzentrale (3), nrw (3), 307 (3), 618 (3), crédito (3), camino (3), 244 (3), editorial (3), aimed (3), exit (3), 517 (3), 172 (3), stiglitz (3), 171 (3), maduro (3), 478 (3), physical (3), 361 (3), 123 (3), 384 (3), 137 (3), 372 (3), bedford (3), finanzamt (3), wholly (3), makers (3), arguments (3), federalism (3), überseering (3), nordic (3), clients (3), methods (3), itwf (3), abp (3), gebhard (3), staatssecretaris (3), financiën (3), 456 (3), communist (3), enter (3), resident (3), 1007 (3), passed (3), grzelczyk (3), freistaat (3), bayern (3), 279 (3), 492 (3), cassa (3), risparmio (3), practically (3), dano (3), jobcenter (3), leipzig (3), baden (3), württemberg (3), book (3), listed (3), live (3), 405 (3), 368 (3), reflect (3), accord (3), 142 (3), 170 (3), 173 (3), preussenelektra (3), schleswag (3), 270 (3), pursued (3), namely (3), constant (3), 236 (3), 544 (3), handelsgesellschaft (3), vast (3), widely (3), resolved (3), role (3), 463 (3), read (3), believed (3), otherwise (3), bverfge (3), 366 (3), pension (3), 322 (3), colson (3), von (3), 3325 (3), rely (3), srl (3), gerven (3), 316 (3), grounds (3), sex (3), southampton (3), became (3), express (3), consulting (3), comm (3), penalties (3), imposed (3), dialogue (3), autonomy (3), once (3), 254 (3), 253 (3), 326 (3), 313 (3), 1971 (3), acknowledged (3), hands (3), done (3), elr (3), reimbursement (3), 772 (3), 223 (3), recognised (3), 238 (3), 432 (3), 1960 (3), 273 (3), vienna (3), parti (3), écologiste (3), les (3), verts (3), ministres (3), 1945 (3), pursuant (3), mutual (3), assist (3), monopolies (3), lithuania (3), slovakia (3), latvia (3), needs (3), update (3), politically (3), identifier (3), help (3), events (3), operations (3), replaces (3), placed (3), shopping (3), worldwide (3), app (3), traders (3), sellers (3), alphabet (3), broadcasting (3), programmes (3), either (3), behaviour (3), platform (3), platforms (3), due (3), ensuring (3), denial (3), took (3), web (3), designed (3)
Text of the page (random words):
ually leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods to implement in part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards 101 leaving member states to apply higher standards for example the working time directive requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year but most member states require more than 28 days in national law 102 however on the current position adopted by the court of justice citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement directives but not from directives themselves 103 directives do not have so called horizontal direct effect i e between non state parties 104 this view was instantly controversial and in the early 1990s three advocate generals persuasively argued that directives should create rights and duties for all citizens 105 the court of justice refused but there are five large exceptions first if a directive s deadline for implementation is not met the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action so called vertical direct effect so in pubblico ministero v ratti because the italian government had failed to implement a directive 73 173 eec on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against mr ratti s solvent and varnish business 106 a member state could not rely as against individuals on its own failure to perform the obligations which the directive entails 107 second a citizen or company can also invoke a directive as a defence in a dispute with another citizen or company not just a public authority which is attempting to enforce a national law that conflicts with a directive so in cia security v signalson and securitel the court of justice held that a business called cia security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a directive required 108 third if a directive gives expression to a general principle of eu law it can be invoked between private non state parties before its deadline for implementation this follows from kücükdeveci v swedex gmbh co kg where the german civil code 622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal ms kücükdeveci worked for 10 years from age 18 to 28 for swedex gmbh co kg before her dismissal she claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the employment equality framework directive the court of justice held that the directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of eu law 109 fourth if the defendant is an emanation of the state even if not central government it can still be bound by directives in foster v british gas plc the court of justice held that mrs foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer british gas plc which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65 if 1 pursuant to a state measure 2 it provided a public service and 3 had special powers 110 this could also be true if the enterprise is privatised as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision 111 fifth national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive 112 textbooks though not the court itself often called this indirect effect in marleasing sa v la comercial sa the court of justice held that a spanish court had to interpret its general civil code provisions on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors to conform with the first company law directive article 11 113 that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons 114 the court of justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation cannot contradict plain words in a national statute but if a member state has failed to implement a directive a citizen may not be able to bring claims against other non state parties it must instead sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law 115 in sum the court of justice s position on direct effect means that governments and taxpayers must bear the cost of private parties mostly corporations for refusing to follow the law references and remedies edit v t e preliminary references tfeu art 267 vaassen v beambtenfonds mijnbedrijf 1966 case 61 65 miles v european schools 2011 c 196 09 cilfit v ministry of health 1982 case 283 81 kenny roland lyckeskog 2002 c 99 00 r hs2 action alliance ltd v ss for transport 2014 uksc 3 outright monetary transactions case 2014 bverfge 134 366 see eu law main articles preliminary ruling and certiorari litigation often begins and is resolved by member state courts they interpret and apply eu law and award remedies of compensation and restitution remedying loss or stripping gains injunctions and specific performance making somebody stop or do something if however the position in eu law appears unclear member state courts can refer questions to the court of justice for a preliminary ruling on eu law s proper interpretation tfeu article 267 says court may refer if it considers this is necessary to enable it to give judgment and shall bring the matter before the court if there is no possibility for further appeal and remedy any court or tribunal of a member state can refer this is widely interpreted it obviously until brexit included bodies like the uk supreme court a high court or an employment tribunal in vaassen v beambtenfonds mijnbedrijf 116 the court of justice also held that a mining worker pension arbitration tribunal could make a reference by contrast and oddly in miles v european schools 117 the court of justice held that a complaints board of european schools set up under the international agreement the european schools convention could not refer because though it was a court it was not of a member state even though all member states had signed that convention courts around the eu like the federal administrative court of germany may refer questions of interpretation to the court of justice at any time some member states are more active than others in doing so 118 on the other side courts and tribunals are theoretically under a duty to refer questions in the uk for example lord denning mr considered it appropriate to refer if the outcome of a case depended on a correct answer 119 and the civil procedure rules entitled the high court to refer at any stage of proceedings 120 the view of the court of justice in the leading case cilfit v ministry of health is that a national court has no duty to refer if the law is an acte clair a clear rule or so obvious as to leave no scope for any reasonable doubt as to the manner in which the question raised is to be resolved 121 in kenny roland lyckeskog the court of justice held that the duty to refer existed for the swedish court of appeal the hovrätt since sweden s supreme court högsta domstol had to give permission for appeals to continue 122 the practical difficulty is that judges differ on their views of whether or not the law is clear in a significant case three rivers dc v governor of the bank of england 123 the uk house of lords felt confident that it was clear under the first banking directive that depositors did not have direct rights to sue the bank of england for alleged failure to carry out adequate prudential regulation their lordships highlighted that while some uncertainty might exist the costs of delay in making a reference outweighed the benefits from total certainty by contrast in parkingeye ltd v beavis a majority of the supreme court apparently felt able to declare that the law under unfair terms in consumer contracts directive was acte clair and decline to make a reference even though a senior law lord delivered a powerfully reasoned dissent 124 however in addition to a reluctance to make references a general scepticism has grown among senior member state judiciaries of the mode of reasoning used by the court of justice the uk supreme court in r hs2 action alliance ltd v secretary of state for transport devoted large parts of its judgment to criticism in its view an unpredictable teleological mode of reasoning which could decrease confidence in maintaining a dialogue within a plural and transnational judicial system 125 it added that it might not interpret the european communities act 1972 to abridge basic principles and understanding of constitutional functioning in effect implying that it might decline to follow unreasonable court of justice judgments on important issues similarly the german constitutional court in the outright monetary transactions case referred a question for preliminary ruling on whether the european central bank s plan to buy greek and other government bonds on secondary markets despite the treaty prohibition on buying them directly was unlawful 126 in a highly unusual move the two most senior judges dissented that the ecb s plan could be lawful while the majority closely guided the court of justice on the appropriate mode of reasoning if references are made the court of justice will give a preliminary ruling in order for the member state court to conclude the case and award a remedy the right to an effective remedy is a general principle of eu law enshrined in the charter of fundamental rights article 47 most of the time regulations and directives will set out the relevant remedies to be awarded or they will be construed from the legislation according to the practices of the member state 127 it could also be that the government is responsible for failure to properly implement a directive or regulation and must therefore pay damages in francovich v italy the italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent as the insolvency protection directive required 128 francovich the former employee of a bankrupt venetian firm was therefore allowed to claim 6 million lira from the italian government in damages for his loss the court of justice held that if a directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals and there is a causal link between a member state s violation of eu and a claimant s loss damages must be paid the fact that the incompatible law is an act of parliament is no defence 129 so in factortame it was irrelevant that parliament had legislated to require a quota of british ownership of fishing vessels in primary legislation similarly in was brasserie du pêcheur v germany the german government was liable to a french beer company for damages from prohibiting its imports which did not comply with the fabled beer purity law it was not decisive that the german parliament had not acted willfully or negligently 130 it was merely necessary that there was 1 a rule intended to confer rights 2 that a breach was sufficiently serious and 3 there was a causal link between the breach and damage the court of justice advised a breach is to be regarded as sufficiently serious by weighing a range of factors such as whether it was voluntary or persistent 131 in köbler v republik österreich the court of justice added that member state liability could also flow from judges failing to adequately implement the law 132 on the other hand it is also clear that eu institutions such as the commission may be liable according to the same principles for failure to follow the law 133 the only institution whose decisions appear incapable of generating a damages claim is the court of justice itself judicial review edit v t e eu judicial review tfeu arts 263 267 deutsche post v commission 2011 c 463 10p plaumann co v commission 1963 case 25 62 unión de pequeños agricultores 2002 c 50 00 p kanatami v parliament and council 2013 c 583 11 piraiki patraiki v commission 1985 case 11 82 see eu law main articles judicial review and preliminary ruling as well as preliminary rulings on the proper interpretation of eu law an essential function of the court of justice is judicial review of the acts of the eu itself under treaty on the functioning of the european union tfeu article 263 1 the court can review the legality of any eu legislative of other act against the treaties or general principles such as those in the charter of fundamental rights of the european union this includes legislation and most other acts that have legal consequences for people for example in société anonyme cimenteries cbr cementsbedrijven nv v commission 134 the commission made a decision to withdraw an assurance to a dutch cement company that it would be immune from competition law fines for vertical agreements the cement company challenged the decision and the commission argued this was not really an act and so could not be challenged the court of justice held a challenge could be made and it was an act because it deprived the cement company of the advantages of a legal situation and exposed them to a grave financial risk 135 similarly in deutsche post v commission the commission demanded information on state aid given by germany to deutsche post within 20 days when both challenged this the commission argued that the demand for information could not be an act as there was no sanction the court of justice disagreed and held judicial review could proceed because the request produced binding legal effects since the information supplied or not could be relied upon as evidence in a final decision 136 by contrast in ibm v commission 137 the court of justice held that a letter from the commission to ibm that it would sue ibm for abusing a dominant position contrary to competition was not a reviewable act but just a preliminary statement of intent to act in any case if a reviewable act of an eu institution is not found compatible with the law under article 264 it will be declared void plaumann co v commission required that claimants must be individually and directly concerned by an eu law to request judicial review being adversely affected by rising clementine duties was not enough 138 however only a limited number of people can bring claims for judicial review under tfeu article 263 2 a member state the parliament council or commission have automatic rights to seek judicial review but under article 263 4 a natural or legal person must have a direct and individual concern about the regulatory act direct concern means that someone is affected by an eu act without the interposition of an autonomous will between the decision and its effect for instance by a national government body 139 in piraiki patraiki v commission a group of greek textile businesses who exported cotton products to france challenged a commission decision allow france to limit exports the commission argued that the exporters were not directly concerned because france might decide not to ...
|
.JPG){kind=link}