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ndigenous documents now lost as well as colonial texts published and unpublished is fully laid out in exhaustive tables of analysis for each of the books in volume 7 of the iih critical edition following extensive study by the research seminar conducted under the leadership of miguel león portilla between 1969 and 1971 46 at the end of the 17th century a charge of plagiarism was raised by fray agustín de vetancur who claimed that torquemada had published under his own name the historia eclesiástica indiana a history written by jerónimo de mendieta which had never been published but the manuscript of which had been entrusted by mendieta to juan bautista and by him to torquemada the accusation was rejected by rodrígues franco in his proemio to the second edition of monarquía indiana but it was taken up by the famous mexican historian joaquín garcía icazbalceta in the 19th century after acquiring the manuscript of mendieta s work which he published in 1870 pointing out the areas of exact correspondence between both works 47 one 20th century scholar considered the charge to be 48 not completely justified in view of the fact that torquemada was ordered by his superiors to use all historical works available and that politically speaking it was desirable that the monarquía indiana should not be too closely identified with the historia eclesiástica indiana lest the oblivion of the latter overtake the former the various ways in which the accusation has been made are discussed in gurría lacroix essay acusación de plagiario in volume 7 of the iih edition as woodrow borah put it in his review 49 jorge gurría lacroix who died before this volume appeared examines at considerable length the old charge of plagiarism raised against fray juan in his use particularly of mendieta s chronicle and by doing so of mendieta in his use of motoliniá s writing the charges are disposed of one hopes definitively by making clear the customs of the time and the specific instructions to torquemada from his order chronicles were regarded as community property to be used as the order decided the charge occasionally resurfaces even if only obliquely and by association 50 almost the entirety of mendieta s history is reproduced throughout the course of books 15 21 of the monarquía indiana where it comprises about 80 of the text 51 but in the general prologue torquemada acknowledged his use of prior writings by francisco ximénez motolinía sahagún and mendieta and 66 specific references are made to mendieta in the course of the work only 36 of which have been identified nevertheless torquemada indisputably used these sources far more extensively than he gave credit for 52 publication edit once the work was in its final shape torquemada took the manuscript to spain personally despite the comisario general de indias bernardo salva having previously invited him to send it 53 precise dates for the trip are not known but the termini within which the trip must have occurred can be stated with confidence among the documents torquemada took to spain with him were the various permits relative to the printing of the book which were issued in méxico the latest of which the licence proper was dated 17 may 1612 back in mexico he officiated at a wedding in xochimilco where he was now guardian on 10 october 1613 in between he can be presumptively placed in madrid on and before 4 february 1613 and again on and before 5 may of the same year those being the dates when written approval for the printing was granted by two officials resident in that city who stated they had read and approved the manuscript 54 the first edition was printed by mathias clavijo in seville in 1615 that is two years after torquemada had returned to mexico so his presence in seville can only have been to select and arrange matters with the printer and not to oversee the actual printing or check the galley proofs león portilla suggests these arrangements including the choice of type and the layout might have taken weeks at most giving torquemada time to visit madrid and other places in the land of his birth 55 that no doubt explains how it happened that the first edition lacked two passages present in the manuscript as well as words from some of the chapter headings and contained countless other mistakes which the printer of the second edition noted but did not specify in his proemio 56 despite the blemishes which marred the body of the first edition the printer of the second edition was unstinting in his praise of the analytic indices which he said greatly enriched the text according to a modern commentator expressing also the hope that similar works would not omit a scientific apparatus of this kind their usefulness and erudition are formidable 57 dedication edit exceptionally in the carta nuncupatoria torquemada dedicated his book to god a la sacratísima magestad del rey del cielo dios nuestro señor to the sacred majesty of the king of heaven god our lord explaining at length why he did so as he well knew the normal dedication of such works was to the king of spain to nobles or to ecclesiastical dignitaries usually the patrons of the author 58 the title page announces the same dedication dico ego opera mea regi saeculorum inmortali et invisibili 59 diffusion edit although as noted in the following sub section the greater part of the print run of the first edition was said to have been lost in a shipwreck the monarquía indiana was known in mexico as early as 1624 when it was first cited in a book published there in that year between then and 1714 that is to say before the second edition it was cited even copiously on occasion by at least eleven authors in works published for the most part in mexico but also in madrid and guatemala 60 subsequent history of the text edit title page of the second edition of monarquía indiana by fray juan de torquemada printed in three volumes in madrid 1723 1725 the fate of the first edition and details of the two subsequent facsimile reprints are stated here as given in the essay ediciones by jorge gurría lacroix in volume 7 of the iih critical edition 61 as nicolás rodríguez franco the printer of the second edition informed his readers in his proemio 62 few exemplars of the first edition survive because the greater part of the print run was lost in a shipwreck and only three copies were known to him 63 eight copies of the first edition exist in various libraries in north america and europe two of which lack the original frontispiece and the other six of which lack also the first 32 pages a ninth copy exists in mexico divided between one owner who possesses the first volume and another who possesses the other two the errors and omissions were made good in the second edition by reference to the original manuscript which so franco discloses was in the library of don andrés gonzález de barcia the second edition has the date 1723 on the title page but the proemio itself is dated 20 january 1725 so the effective publication date must have been later than that 64 a third edition a new facsimile reprint rather than a new edition was printed in mexico in 1943 by salvador chávez hayhoe the only addition was a title page identifying the data relevant to the reprint the fourth edition published by editorial porrúa in mexico in 1969 with an introduction by miguel león portilla was another facsimile reprint of the second edition but this time employing a magnificent large paper exemplar formerly owned by the mexican historian joaquín garcía icazbalceta the fifth edition substantively the third critical edition was published by the instituto de investigaciones históricas iih a research institute of the national autonomous university of mexico unam in seven volumes between 1975 and 1983 a research team was assembled under the direction of miguel león portilla with the task of establishing the text without however the benefit of the original manuscript which could not be located and of publishing it in six volumes with among other materials analytic indices tracking torquemada s sources the decision was taken to modernise the orthography and punctuation in order to facilitate reading members of the team wrote various scholarly studies relevant to torquemada and the monarquía indiana which were published in 1983 as volume 7 to the series since 2010 this edition had been available online 65 critical appraisal of the work edit until the publication of mendieta s historia eclesiástica indiana in 1870 torquemada s work was held in high esteem but thereafter icazbalceta s prestige combined with his vigorous denunciation of torquemada s supposed plagiarism of his predecessor s previously unknown history caused the monarquía indiana to fall into disrepute and many commentators disparaged its method content and style from the middle of the 20th century the work of numerous scholars has gone far to rehabilitating torquemada and re assessing the significance of the monarquía indiana according to john leddy phelan writing in 1956 second edition revised 1970 66 for the historian of ideas the monarquía indiana deserves to be restored to a position of eminence as one of the classic sources of colonial historiography in the opinion of alcina franch 1969 67 neither the ponderous and erudite digressions nor the supposed plagiarism can obscure the genuine value of torquemada s work that is his extraordinary assemblage of materials available at the end of the 16th century for tracing the ancient and contemporary history of mexico unwittingly salvaging numerous old sources reports oral traditions etc which without him would have been forever lost beyond recall translation from the spanish original more recently it has been said 1996 68 la importancia de la obra de torquemada no ha sido debidamente reconocida por parte de los especialistas pero aquellos que la han estudiado en profundidad coinciden en hacer una valoración muy positiva the importance of torquemada s work has not been properly recognised by specialists but those who have given it deep study concur in a very positive appraisal and 2002 69 torquemada s work was more than a censored version of mendieta s with his study indigenous culture more particularly the nahuatl was inserted into the context of universal civilisation on a par with greece rome and egypt more than an historical text torquemada s work is a theological speculation developed in order to explain within a western philosophical framework the existence of the american indians and the role that their conquest and evangelisation play in the context of the history of salvation translation from the spanish original as for the author s style opinions diverge a judicious and broadly positive assessment such as this was made in 1890 by the american historian and ethnologist hubert howe bancroft 70 he rises above the mere monk chronicler and strives to interest his readers by variety of topics as well as by treatment which receives no inconsiderable aid from a descriptive power of rare occurrence among his confreres other faults remain however while concise enough in the narrative generally he abandons himself to inappropriate deviations and wordy argument and revels in learned references by contrast a non specialist who thought torquemada arrived in new spain in 1583 and made other elementary mistakes about his life in the few sentences he devoted to it offered this observation which can be taken to be representative of the opposite tendency 71 the value of monarquia indiana as a history of prehispanic mexico and of its conquest by cortes is marginal this hodgepodge of facts and fiction and of a few interesting details lost in tedious disquisitions is important for other reasons the merit of torquemada if merit it be is the fact that in his compilation he quoted unpublished chronicles sometimes mentioning the names of their authors sometimes plundering parts of their work for his monarquía indiana thus saving them from oblivion torquemada s plagiarism of jeronimo de mendieta s work part of which he included in his pot pourri without any change proved very useful to joaquín garcía icazbalceta etc a statue of blessed sebastian in a gudiña minor works edit one other work published in his lifetime is known a hagiography of fray sebastián de aparicio a franciscan lay brother who had died on 25 february 1600 and whose reputation of exemplary living resulted in his beatification in 1789 72 known by its shortened title vida y milagros del santo confesor de cristo fray sebastián de aparicio the life and miracles of the holy confessor of christ friar sebastián de aparicio it was printed in 1602 by diego lópez dávalos at the presses of the colegio de santa cruz de tlatelolco and in seville in 1605 73 torquemada himself mentioned playlets or scenes comedias o reprecentaciones he had written in nahuatl for members of the confraternity of our lady of soledad to perform at the chapel of san josé de los naturales a large mostly open space adjacent to the main franciscan church of san francisco de méxico which could accommodate thousands of persons none of these pieces have survived 74 other writings include two unpublished letters found in the general archive of the indies in seville dating from 1620 and two long apologetic statements or alegatos dating from 1621 eventually published by icazbalceta these argue one from a theological and canonical perspective the other from a historical perspective that members of the three mendicant orders then active in new spain should not be subjected to examination by the diocesan bishops 75 see also edit list of spanish chroniclers of the indies references edit brading p 273 brading p 277 monarquía indiana for tlacopan lib xiv cap 35 for chiauhtla lib xv cap 38 and lib xx cap 80 the passages relating to chiauhtla are quoted by león portilla p 24 monarquía indiana for juan bautista see lib xx cap 79 for valeriano see lib v cap 10 both passages quoted by león portilla p 23 for the various dates cited in this paragraph see león portilla pp 21 23 24 moreno toscano p 498 regarded 1565 as the only probable date of birth but following icazbalceta although offering no arguments herself accepts 1579 as the date torquemada took the habit she does not discuss the date of his ordination for torquemada s impression of the aged díaz hombre de todo crédito see monarquía indiana lib iv cap 4 quoted by león portilla p 21 see also alcina franch 1973 pp 256f who accepts a date between 1563 and 1565 for his birth or even 1559 if 1579 is taken as the date of his profession at age 20 león portilla p 27 moreno toscano p 499 who mentions only gerónimo de mendieta león portilla p 21 see león portilla for the location of his missionary activity pp 25 27 for his election as guardian of the convent at tlaxcala p 22 for his part in the founding of the confraternity pp 27f quoting from monarquía indiana lib 20 cap 79 and the septima relación of chimalpahin for his election as guardian at ...
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