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азақша 한국어 кыргызча latina lingua franca nova lietuvių latviešu мокшень македонски മലയാളം bahasa melayu مازِرونی nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål ирон polski português română русский саха тыла sicilianu srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenščina shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt volapük 吴语 მარგალური 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from mkhedruli three related alphabets used to write georgian georgian script type alphabet period ad 430 a present direction left to right languages georgian mingrelian svan bats and laz related scripts parent systems uncertain alphabetical order modelled on greek georgian iso 15924 iso 15924 geor 240 georgian mkhedruli and mtavruli georgian mkhedruli geok 241 khutsuri asomtavruli and nuskhuri unicode unicode alias georgian unicode range u 10a0 u 10ff georgian u 2d00 u 2d2f supplement u 1c90 u 1cbf extended this article contains phonetic transcriptions in the international phonetic alphabet ipa for an introductory guide on ipa symbols see help ipa for the distinction between and see ipa brackets and transcription delimiters living culture of three writing systems of the georgian alphabet unesco intangible cultural heritage country georgia reference 01205 region europe and north america inscription history inscription 2016 11 session list representative georgian letters an ban gan don en vin zen he tan in k an las man nar ie on p ar zhan rae san t ar vie un yn par kan ghan q ar shin chin tsan dzil ts il ch ar khan khar jan hae hoe fi other modifiers keyboard numerals romanization ipa v t e the georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the georgian language asomtavruli nuskhuri and mkhedruli although the systems differ in appearance their letters share the same names and alphabetical order and are written horizontally from left to right of the three scripts mkhedruli once the official script of the kingdom of georgia and mostly used for the royal charters is now the standard script for modern georgian and its related kartvelian languages whereas asomtavruli and nuskhuri are used only by the georgian orthodox church in ceremonial religious texts and iconography 1 georgian scripts are unique in their appearance and their exact origin has never been established however in strictly structural terms their alphabetical order largely corresponds to the greek alphabet with the exception of letters denoting uniquely georgian sounds which are grouped at the end 2 3 originally consisting of 38 letters 4 georgian is presently written in a 33 letter alphabet as five letters are obsolete the number of georgian letters used in other kartvelian languages varies mingrelian uses 36 thirty three that are current georgian letters one obsolete georgian letter and two additional letters specific to mingrelian and svan laz uses the same 33 current georgian letters as mingrelian plus that same obsolete letter and a letter borrowed from greek for a total of 35 the fourth kartvelian language svan is not commonly written but when it is it uses georgian letters as utilized in mingrelian with an additional obsolete georgian letter and sometimes supplemented by diacritics for its many vowels 1 5 the living culture of three writing systems of the georgian alphabet was granted the national status of intangible cultural heritage in georgia in 2015 6 and inscribed on the unesco representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity in 2016 7 preview edit the three georgian scripts asomtavruli nuskhuri and mkhedruli origins edit bir el qutt inscriptions c 430 ad terra sancta museum jerusalem bolnisi inscriptions c 494 ad simon janashia museum of georgia tbilisi the origin of the georgian script is poorly known and no full agreement exists among georgian and non georgian scholars as to when the script was created who designed it and the main influences on that process the first attested version of the script is asomtavruli which dates back to the 5th century the other scripts were formed in the following centuries most scholars link the creation of the georgian script to the process of christianization of iberia not to be confused with the iberian peninsula a core georgian kingdom of kartli 8 the alphabet was therefore most probably created between the conversion of iberia under king mirian iii 326 or 337 and the bir el qutt inscriptions of 430 8 9 it was first used for translation of the bible and other christian literature into georgian by monks in georgia and palestine 3 professor levan chilashvili s dating of fragmented asomtavruli inscriptions discovered by him at the ruined town of nekresi in georgia s easternmost province of kakheti in the 1980s to the 2nd or 1st century bc 10 11 has not been accepted 12 a georgian tradition first attested in the medieval chronicle lives of the kings of kartli c 800 3 assigns a much earlier pre christian origin to the georgian alphabet and names king pharnavaz i 3rd century bc as its inventor this account is now considered legendary and is rejected by scholarly consensus as no archaeological confirmation has been found 3 13 14 scholars such as tamaz gamkrelidze a potskhishvili and z sarjveladze suggested that the account of pharnavaz s invention of georgian writing system should be understood as the introduction of alloglottography in foreign scripts gamkrelidze argues that pharnavaz introduced writing on the basis of aramaic script the text was synchronically translated from georgian and written down in aramaic by a specialist potskhishvili argues that greek graphics were used instead 15 another point of contention among scholars is the role played by armenian clerics in that process according to medieval armenian sources and a number of scholars mesrop mashtots generally acknowledged as the creator of the armenian alphabet also allegedly created the georgian and caucasian albanian alphabets this tradition originates in the works of koryun a fifth century historian and biographer of mashtots 16 and has been quoted by donald rayfield and james r russell 17 18 but has been rejected by georgian scholarship and some western scholars who judge the passage in koryun unreliable or even a later interpolation 3 in his study on the history of the invention of the armenian alphabet and the life of mashtots the armenian linguist hrachia acharian strongly defended koryun as a reliable source and rejected criticisms of his accounts on the invention of the georgian script by mashtots 19 acharian dated the invention to 408 four years after mashtots created the armenian alphabet he dated the latter event to 404 20 some western scholars quote koryun s claims without taking a stance on its validity 21 22 or concede that armenian clerics if not mashtots himself must have played a role in the creation of the georgian script 3 14 23 ivane javakhishvili a georgian historian and scientist studied this work of koryun and concluded that the version of mesrop mashtots creation of the georgian alphabet is a vi vii century addition the 5th century armenian historian ghazar parpetsi considers mashtots to be the creator of only the armenian alphabet 24 tamaz gamkrelidze argues that a thorough linguistic analysis would have been necessary to create a new writing system for the language while mesrop mashtots did not know the georgian language 25 another controversy regards the main influences at play in the georgian alphabet as scholars have debated whether it was inspired more by the greek alphabet 26 or by semitic alphabets such as aramaic 27 recent historiography focuses on greater similarities with the greek alphabet than in the other caucasian writing systems most notably the order and numeric value of letters 2 3 some scholars have also suggested certain pre christian georgian cultural symbols or clan markers as a possible inspiration for particular letters 28 asomtavruli edit anbandidi gospel in asomtavruli 9th century asomtavruli georgian ასომთავრული ⴀⴑⴍⴋⴇⴀⴅⴐⴓⴊⴈ asomtʰavɾuli is the oldest georgian script the name asomtavruli means capital letters from aso ასო letter and mtavari მთავარი principal head it is also known as mrgvlovani georgian მრგვლოვანი rounded from mrgvali მრგვალი round so named because of its round letter shapes despite its name this capital script is unicameral 29 the oldest asomtavruli inscriptions found so far date from the 5th century 30 and are bir el qutt 31 and the bolnisi inscriptions 32 from the 9th century nuskhuri script started becoming dominant and the role of asomtavruli was reduced however epigraphic monuments of the 10th to 18th centuries continued to be written in asomtavruli script asomtavruli in this later period became more decorative in the majority of 9th century georgian manuscripts which were written in nuskhuri script asomtavruli was used for titles and the first letters of chapters 33 however some manuscripts written completely in asomtavruli can be found until the 11th century 34 form of asomtavruli letters edit in early asomtavruli the letters are of equal height georgian historian and philologist pavle ingorokva believes that the direction of asomtavruli like that of greek was initially boustrophedon though the direction of the earliest surviving texts is from left to the right 35 in most asomtavruli letters straight lines are horizontal or vertical and meet at right angles the only letter with acute angles is ⴟ jani there have been various attempts to explain this exception georgian linguist and art historian helen machavariani believes jani derives from a monogram of christ composed of ⴈ ini and ⴕ kani 36 according to georgian scholar ramaz pataridze the cross like shape of letter jani indicates the end of the alphabet and has the same function as the similarly shaped phoenician letter taw greek chi χ and latin x 37 though these letters do not have that function in phoenician greek or latin coins of queen tamar of georgia and king george iv of georgia minted using asomtavruli script 1200 1210 ad from the 7th century the forms of some letters began to change the equal height of the letters was abandoned with letters acquiring ascenders and descenders 38 39 asomtavruli letters ⴀ ani ⴁ bani ⴂ gani ⴃ doni ⴄ eni ⴅ vini ⴆ zeni ⴡ he ⴇ tani ⴈ ini ⴉ kʼani ⴊ lasi ⴋ mani ⴌ nari ⴢ hie ⴍ oni ⴎ pʼari ⴏ zhani ⴐ rae ⴑ sani ⴒ tʼari ⴣ vie ⴓ ⴍⴣ uni ⴔ pari ⴕ kani ⴖ ghani ⴗ qʼari ⴘ shini ⴙ chini ⴚ tsani ⴛ dzili ⴜ ts ili ⴝ ch ari ⴞ khani ⴤ qari ⴟ jani ⴠ hae ⴥ hoe asomtavruli illumination edit in nuskhuri manuscripts asomtavruli are used for titles and illuminated capitals the latter were used at the beginnings of paragraphs which started new sections of text in the early stages of the development of nuskhuri texts asomtavruli letters were not elaborate and were distinguished principally by size and sometimes by being written in cinnabar ink later from the 10th century the letters were illuminated the style of asomtavruli capitals can be used to identify the era of a text for example in the georgian manuscripts of the byzantine era when the styles of the byzantine empire influenced kingdom of georgia capitals were illuminated with images of birds and other animals 40 decorative asomtavruli capital letters ⴋ m and ⴇ t 12 13th century from the 11th century limb flowery limb arrowy and limb spotty decorative forms of asomtavruli are developed the first two are found in 11th and 12th century monuments whereas the third one is used until the 18th century 41 42 importance was attached also to the colour of the ink itself 43 asomtavruli letter ⴃ doni is often written with decoration effects of fish and birds 44 the curly decorative form of asomtavruli is also used where the letters are wattled or intermingled on each other or the smaller letters are written inside other letters it was mostly used for the headlines of the manuscripts or the books although there are complete inscriptions which were written in the asomtavruli curly form only 45 the title of gospel of matthew in asomtavruli curly decorative form handwriting of asomtavruli edit the following table shows the stroke direction of each asomtavruli letter 46 nuskhuri edit nuskhuri of john tornike collection of the monastery of iviron 10th century nuskhuri georgian ნუსხური ⴌⴓⴑⴞⴓⴐⴈ nusχuɾi is the second georgian script the name nuskhuri comes from nuskha ნუსხა meaning inventory or schedule nuskhuri was soon augmented with asomtavruli illuminated capitals in religious manuscripts the combination is called khutsuri georgian ხუცური ⴞⴓⴚⴓⴐⴈ clerical from khutsesi ხუცესი cleric and it was principally used in hagiography 47 nuskhuri first appeared in the 9th century as a graphic variant of asomtavruli 8 the oldest inscription is found in the ateni sioni church and dates to 835 ad 48 the oldest surviving nuskhuri manuscripts date to 864 ad 49 nuskhuri becomes dominant over asomtavruli from the 10th century 47 form of nuskhuri letters edit nuskhuri letters vary in height with ascenders and descenders and are slanted to the right letters have an angular shape with a noticeable tendency to simplify the shapes they had in asomtavruli this enabled faster writing of manuscripts 50 asomtavruli letters ⴍ oni and ⴣ vie a ligature of these letters produced a new letter in nuskhuri ⴓ uni a colophon of king david iv in nuskhuri nuskhuri letters ⴀ ani ⴁ bani ⴂ gani ⴃ doni ⴄ eni ⴅ vini ⴆ zeni ⴡ he ⴇ tani ⴈ ini ⴉ kʼani ⴊ lasi ⴋ mani ⴌ nari ⴢ hie ⴍ oni ⴎ pʼari ⴏ zhani ⴐ rae ⴑ sani ⴒ tʼari ⴣ vie ⴓ ⴍⴣ uni ⴔ pari ⴕ kani ⴖ ghani ⴗ qʼari ⴘ shini ⴙ chini ⴚ tsani ⴛ dzili ⴜ tsʼili ⴝ chʼari ⴞ khani ⴤ qari ⴟ jani ⴠ hae ⴥ hoe note without proper font support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of nuskhuri letters handwriting of nuskhuri edit the following table shows the stroke direction of each nuskhuri letter 51 use of asomtavruli and nuskhuri today edit asomtavruli is used intensively in iconography murals and exterior design especially in stone engravings 52 georgian linguist akaki shanidze made an attempt in the 1950s to introduce asomtavruli into the mkhedruli script as capital letters to begin sentences as in the latin script but it did not catch on 53 asomtavruli and nuskhuri are officially used by the georgian orthodox church alongside mkhedruli patriarch ilia ii of georgia called on people to use all three georgian scripts 54 mkhedruli edit royal charter of king bagrat iv in mkhedruli 11th century royal charter of queen tamar of georgia in mkhedruli 1202 ad royal charter of king vakhtang vi in mkhedruli 1725 ad mkhe...
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