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Text of the page (random words):
tions edit osi model by layer 7 application layer nntp sip ssi dns ftp gopher http http 3 nfs ntp smpp ssh smtp snmp telnet dhcp netconf more 6 presentation layer mime xdr asn 1 ascii tls pgp more 5 session layer named pipe netbios sap pptp rtp socks x 225 13 more 4 transport layer tcp udp sctp dccp quic spx more 3 network layer ip ipv4 ipv6 icmp icmpv6 ipsec igmp ipx is is appletalk x 25 plp more 2 data link layer atm arp sdlc hdlc cslip slip gfp plip ieee 802 llc mac l2tp frame relay itu t g hn dll ppp x 25 lapb q 922 lapf more 1 physical layer rs 232 rs 449 itu t v series i 430 i 431 pdh sonet sdh pon otn dsl ieee 802 ieee 1394 itu t g hn phy usb bluetooth x 21 more v t e wap stack edit the wap standard described a protocol suite or stack 14 allowing the interoperability of wap equipment and software with different network technologies such as gsm and is 95 also known as cdma wireless application environment wae wap protocol suite wireless session protocol wsp wireless transaction protocol wtp wireless transport layer security wtls wireless datagram protocol wdp any wireless data network the bottom most protocol in the suite the wireless datagram protocol wdp functions as an adaptation layer that makes every data network look a bit like udp to the upper layers by providing unreliable transport of data with two 16 bit port numbers origin and destination all the upper layers view wdp as one and the same protocol which has several technical realizations on top of other data bearers such as sms ussd etc on native ip bearers such as gprs umts packet radio service or ppp on top of a circuit switched data connection wdp is in fact exactly udp wireless transport layer security wtls an optional layer provides a public key cryptography based security mechanism similar to the internet s transport layer security tls protocol whether or not wtls is implemented depends on the required level of security for a given wap application and this layer provides data integrity privacy authentication and denial of service protection features 15 wtp provides transaction support adapted to the wireless world it provides for transmitting messages reliably similarly to tcp however wtp is more effective than tcp when packets are lost a common occurrence with 2g wireless technologies in most radio conditions wtp does not misinterpret the packet loss as network congestion unlike tcp wap sites are written in wml a markup language 16 wap provides content in the form of decks which have several cards decks are similar to html web pages as they are the unit of data transmission used by wap and each have their own unique url and cards are elements such as text or buttons which can be seen by a user 17 wap has urls which can be typed into an address bar which is similar to urls in http relative urls in wap are used for navigating within a deck and absolute urls in wap are used for navigating between decks 16 wap was designed to operate in bandwidth constrained networks by using data compression before transmitting data to users 18 this protocol suite allows a terminal to transmit requests that have an http or https equivalent to a wap gateway the gateway translates requests into plain http wap decks are delivered through a proxy which checks decks for wml syntax correctness and consistency which improves the user experience in resource constrained mobile phones 11 wap cannot guarantee how content will appear on a screen because wap elements are treated as hints to accommodate the capabilities of each mobile device for example some mobile phones do not support graphics images or italics 17 the wireless application environment wae space defines application specific markup languages for wap version 1 x the primary language of the wae is wireless markup language wml in wap 2 0 the primary markup language is xhtml mobile profile wap push edit wap push process wap push was incorporated into the specification to allow the wap content to be pushed to the mobile handset with minimal user intervention a wap push is basically a specially encoded message which includes a link to a wap address 19 wap push was specified on top of wireless datagram protocol wdp as such it can be delivered over any wdp supported bearer such as gprs or sms 20 most gsm networks have a wide range of modified processors but gprs activation from the network is not generally supported so wap push messages have to be delivered on top of the sms bearer on receiving a wap push a wap 1 2 or later enabled handset will automatically give the user the option to access the wap content this is also known as wap push si service indication 20 a variant known as wap push sl service loading directly opens the browser to display the wap content without user interaction since this behaviour raises security concerns some handsets handle wap push sl messages in the same way as si by providing user interaction the network entity that processes wap pushes and delivers them over an ip or sms bearer is known as a push proxy gateway ppg 20 wap 2 0 edit a re engineered 2 0 version was released in 2002 it uses a cut down version of xhtml with end to end http dropping the gateway and custom protocol suite used to communicate with it a wap gateway can be used in conjunction with wap 2 0 however in this scenario it is used as a standard proxy server the wap gateway s role would then shift from one of translation to adding additional information to each request this would be configured by the operator and could include telephone numbers location billing information and handset information mobile devices process xhtml mobile profile xhtml mp the markup language defined in wap 2 0 it is a subset of xhtml and a superset of xhtml basic a version of cascading style sheets css called wap css is supported by xhtml mp mms edit main article multimedia messaging service multimedia messaging service mms is a combination of wap and sms allowing for sending of picture messages history edit wap forum wireless application protocol forum limited merged into open mobile alliance formation 1998 dissolved 2002 legal status defunct website wapforum org at the wayback machine archived 2000 07 06 the wap forum was founded in 1998 by ericsson motorola nokia and unwired planet 21 it aimed primarily to bring together the various wireless technologies in a standardised protocol 22 in 2002 the wap forum was consolidated along with multiple other forums of the industry into open mobile alliance oma 23 europe edit the first company to launch a wap site was dutch mobile phone operator telfort bv in october 1999 the site was developed as a side project by christopher bee and euan mcleod and launched with the debut of the nokia 7110 marketers hyped wap at the time of its introduction 24 leading users to expect wap to have the performance of fixed non mobile internet access bt cellnet one of the uk telecoms ran an advertising campaign depicting a cartoon wap user surfing through a neuromancer like information space 25 in terms of speed ease of use appearance and interoperability the reality fell far short of expectations when the first handsets became available in 1999 26 27 this led to the wide usage of sardonic phrases such as worthless application protocol 28 wait and pay 29 and waplash 30 between 2003 and 2004 wap made a stronger resurgence with the introduction of wireless services such as vodafone live t mobile t zones and other easily accessible services operator revenues were generated by transfer of gprs and umts data which is a different business model than used by the traditional web sites and isps according to the mobile data association wap traffic in the uk doubled from 2003 to 2004 31 by the year 2013 wap use had largely disappeared most major companies and websites have since retired from the use of wap and it has not been a mainstream technology for web on mobile for a number of years most modern handset web browsers now support full html css and most of javascript and do not need to use any kind of wap markup for webpage compatibility the list of handsets supporting html is extensive and includes all android handsets all versions of the iphone handset all blackberry devices all devices running windows phone and multiple nokia handsets asia edit wap saw major success in japan while the largest operator ntt docomo did not use wap in favor of its in house system i mode rival operators kddi au and softbank mobile previously vodafone japan both successfully deployed wap technology in particular au s chakuuta or chakumovie ringtone song or ringtone movie services were based on wap like in europe wap and i mode usage declined in the 2010s as html capable smartphones became popular in japan united states edit adoption of wap in the us suffered because a number of cell phone providers required separate activation and additional fees for data support and also because telecommunications companies sought to limit data access to only approved data providers operating under license of the signal carrier citation needed in recognition of the problem the us federal communications commission fcc issued an order on 31 july 2007 which mandated that licensees of the 22 megahertz wide upper 700 mhz c block spectrum would have to implement a wireless platform which allows customers device manufacturers third party application developers and others to use any device or application of their choice when operating on this particular licensed network band 32 33 criticism edit commentators criticized several shortcomings of wireless markup language wml and wap however others argued who that given the technological limitations of its time it succeeded in its goal of providing simple and custom designed content at a time when most people globally did not have regular internet access technical criticisms included isolation from the rest of the web and from non carrier services edit the idiosyncratic wml language cut users off from the conventional html web leaving only native wap content and web to wap proxi content available to wap users many wireless carriers sold their wap services as open in that they allowed users to reach any service expressed in wml and published on the internet however they also made sure that the first page that clients accessed was their own wireless portal which they controlled closely 34 some carriers also turned off editing or accessing the address bar in the device s browser to facilitate users wanting to go off deck an address bar on a form on a page linked off the hard coded home page was provided it makes it easier for carriers to implement filtering of off deck wml sites by urls or to disable the address bar in the future if the carrier decides to switch all users to a walled garden model given the difficulty in typing up fully qualified urls on a phone keyboard most users would give up going off portal or out of the walled garden by not letting third parties put their own entries on the operators wireless portal some who contend that operators cut themselves off from a valuable opportunity on the other hand some operators which argue that their customers would have wanted them to manage the experience and on such a constrained device avoid giving access to too many services citation needed under specification of terminal requirements the early wap standards included multiple optional features and under specified requirements which meant that compliant devices would not necessarily interoperate properly this resulted in great variability in the actual behavior of phones principally because wap service implementers and mobile phone manufacturers did not citation needed obtain a copy of the standards or the correct hardware and the standard software modules as an example some phone models would not accept a page more than 1 kb in size and some would even crash the user interface of devices was also underspecified as an example accesskeys e g the ability to press 4 to access directly the fourth link in a list were variously implemented depending on phone models sometimes with the accesskey number automatically displayed by the browser next to the link sometimes without it and sometimes accesskeys were not implemented at all constrained user interface capabilities terminals with small black and white screens and few buttons like the early wap terminals face difficulties in presenting a lot of information to their user which compounded the other problems one would have had to be extra careful in designing the user interface on such a resource constrained device which was the real concept of wap development issues edit in contrast with web development wap development was unforgiving due to the strict requirements of the wml specification and the demands of optimizing for and testing on a wide variety of wireless devices considerably lengthened the time required to complete most projects as of 2009 update however with multiple mobile devices supporting xhtml and programs such as adobe go live and dreamweaver offering improved web authoring tools it became easier to create content accessible to many more new devices lack of user agent profiling tools websites adapt content to fit multiple device models by adapting the pages to their capabilities based on a provided user agent type however the development kits which existed for wml did not provide this capability it quickly became nearly impossible for site hosts to determine if a request came from a mobile device or from a larger more capable device no useful profiling or database of device capabilities were built into the specifications in the unauthorized non compliant products citation needed neglect of content providers by wireless carriers some wireless carriers had assumed a build it and they will come strategy meaning that they would just provide the transport of data as well as the terminals and then wait for content providers to publish their services on the internet and make their investment in wap useful however content providers received little help or incentive to go through the complicated route of development others notably in japan cf below had a more thorough dialogue with their content provider community which was then replicated in modern more successful wap services such as i mode in japan or the gallery service in france 35 protocol design lessons from wap edit the original wap model provided a simple platform for access to web like wml services and e mail using mobile phones in europe and the se asian regions in 2009 it continued to have a considerable user base the later versions of wap primarily targeting the united states market were designed by daniel tilden of bell labs for a different requirement to enable full web xhtml access using mobile devices with a higher specification and cost and with a higher degree of software complexity considerable discussion has addressed the question whether the wap protocol design was appropriate the initial design of ...
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