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e world order unus mundus monopsychism where mental and physical phenomenon are united final causes are inherent rather than unknowable via the mediation of archetypes in studies of a primitive s world view the less differentiated ego does not make a clear separation between itself and the object other complexes are able to more freely project their contents of the conscious onto objects from which the weak ego enters into a so called participation mystique often the contents are collective in the sense of having been derived from the culture of the tribe there is less of an individual than the expression of the a culture world view through its members the tight coupling between mental phenomenon and outer events would always appear to be meaningfully related but not necessarily causal synchronicity if archetypes have been hypothesized to have a dual nature in both mental and physical realities then all phenomena would be synchronistic and inter related however it is an unfortunate consequence that ego differentiation conditions the mind to anticipate a world view that conceals both the expression and apprehension of such archetypes perhaps it is our goal in modern times to find new ways of engaging in such a poetic relationship with the world jung freud march 1 2015 nonnaci cathexis defense mechanisms dream analysis drive theory ego eros free association freud id impulse infantile sexuality latent content libido manifest content object relations oedipus complex psycho sexual stages psychoanalysis psychology society super ego thanatos tripartite unconscious leave a comment freud the father of psychoanalysis is known for pioneering a wide range of theories for furthering our understanding of the human mind during his career he established the groundwork for the structure of the mind the unconscious dreams child development and defense mechanisms his major works could be viewed as a synthesis of several ideas across different fields the psychic economy as a helmholtz energy system drive theory rooted in schopenhauer nietzsche s blind impulse will to power pleasure principle sex motivated by darwinian evolution but his primary contributions was their systematization in a clinical setting for treating patients regardless freud s contributions to psychology had broad impact on ideas of sociology critical theory alienation the other power structures libidinal economy philosophy subjecthood marxism biology neural science and economics public relations marketing let us investigate each of his theories freud viewed the mind as a mechanized tripartite system that operated according to energy conservation laws conscious behavior are actually determined or could be explained by latent mental within the unconscious this deterministic account of action renders free will illusory as one s choices are derived from hidden mental processes conscious and unconscious states are phenomena produced by a tripartite arrangement of the mind known by the id ego superego the id consists of the primitive and instinctual innate components of humanity that can be categorized into eros sex reproductive drive thanatos aggressive destructive drive instincts it is autonomous and operates under the so called pleasure principle which that demands that impulses be satisfies both instantly and unconditionally the ego is the conscious mediator between the impulses of the id and the practical means of achieving the id s demands it conditions the id s instincts according to the reality principle by delaying gratification and compromising the demands according to socially responsible and normative methods in the external world the super ego consists ideals from society that are internalized as to pressure the ego into both acting and assigning worth value according to parental influences during upbringing and by implication society it punishes the ego with feelings of guilt for not living up to its standards one s sense of agency which derives from the conscious deliberation of action is thus produced in the ego driven to satisfy the id and regularized by the superego such dynamics are governed by the flow of so called libido or energy in the psyche which are conserved between the id ego superego impulses have different magnitudes of excitation which are transformed into different degrees of emotional investment into mental objects cathexis by the ego but when blocked or withdrawn anti cathexis from the object by superego ideals will cause the ego to find alternative ways to release the energy or else experience neurotic symptoms development of the tripartite structure occurs in phases during the early years of a child s life in so called psychosexual stages where the libidinal flow is fixated in the first year of life the infant is in the oral stage where the first source of gratification as well as frustration is experienced in terms of sucking breast feeding from the mother frustration follows from the separation of the breast where libido is blocked and reconstitutes itself in the basic ego as a separate structure from the id nature between years 1 3 the libido is fixated on the anus during potty training where the pleasures of defecating must be delayed according the authority of the parents the greater external demands and authority of the parents further clashes with ego produced from the rising tension with the id the phallic stage between ages 3 6 fixates the libido on the genitals and the child s anatomical differences between mother and father erotic attraction with the opposite sex parent give rise to the so called oedipus electra complexes boys seek to possess the mother but fears the father out of castration anxiety the complex is resolved via identification with the father via his values attitudes behaviors which are adjusted according to male gender roles of the culture girls learn to repress their desire for father and their hatred of mother by identifying with female gender roles and the wish for a baby for both genders internalizing these values give rise to superego from ages 6 puberty the child enters into the latency stage where the libido is no longer fixated and can flow into play developing new skills and learning from puberty to adulthood is the genital stage where libido is reconstituted in the pursuit of sexual intercourse with others the conflicting demands of both the id and super ego on the ego produce tensions that cannot always be harmonized failure to harmonize would result in neurosis or experiencing different forms of mental anxiety thus the ego unconsciously employs a variety of defense mechanisms that reroutes transforms the energetic potential of the different demands such mechanisms are developed during the psycho sexual fixation periods to different degrees and exhibit recurring patterns in adulthood defenses can thus be classified on a continuum from primary to mature withdrawal avoiding situation by re investing energy into fantasy denial refusing to accept or acknowledge an unpleasant reality disassociation disconnect from present experience by escaping into another representation splitting separate inter objects into either all good all bad without ambivalence projection misinterpret impulse from within as coming from the outside in distorted form regression goes back to infantile behaviors for coping with stress reaction formation adopting the opposite position of the impulse undoing taking back an unconscious behavior after the fact by doing the opposite repression blocking unacceptable impulse before it reaches consciousness displacement redirecting impulse onto another object intellectualization use thinking to create a distance from unpleasant emotions sublimation redirect impulse into socially acceptable objects for productive use the therapeutic applications of freud s theories culminated in the practice of psychoanalysis to which many practical methods such as free association and dream analysis are developed a common thread amongst these methods is to recover energetic content that have been reconstituted in the unconscious which is a repository of forgotten memories and implicit knowledge recall that in the energy conserving id ego superego structure energetic contents that have not found a release will flow back into the person and presumably remain in the unconscious the contents retain their energetic potential and may be organized into a common themes such as complexes that exhibit a determining factor in conscious life when the ego is weakened thus psychoanalysis aims to depotentiate these contents through the recovery and reintegration of the contents into the ego this can be done via free association where patients effectively speak their mind without inhibition the method tends to reveal unsaid assumptions about the patient such as transference feelings towards one person are directed onto another projection feelings about self directed to another and resistance a mental block or gap in events that fails to be recalled delving into more repressed contents required greater lessening of the ego during dreaming freud developed a theory of dream analysis as way to interpret manifest dream material reported from experience and latent contents hidden meanings that have been transformed to protect the semi lucid ego during dreaming freud husserl february 15 2015 august 20 2015 nonnaci bracketing eidetic reduction empathy epoche husserl intentional horizon intentionality lifeworld phenomenology singularity 2 comments husserl known as the father of the phenomenology movement sought to describe human experiences and kantian things in themselves without making metaphysical assumptions that is he attempts to describe phenomenon in terms of how they appear in his own consciousness without conflating with the naturalistic and other scientific attitudes of his times in contrast with scientific naturalism that use induction and general theories to organize large collections of data phenomenology investigates particular examples of one s own consciousness to discern what is essential to such experiences i e to construct a theory of science that would ground all other sciences much like psychology to systematize human experience into a theory of science husserl begins with language propositional systems as units of consciousness the consciousness that gives voice to language are so called intentional acts or intentional experiences that representing something as something such acts may be about non existing imagined phantasy content objects which includes forms of mental imagery pictoral and kinesthetic representations these acts differ from non intentional units such as affects moods senses pain that are non representational not about anything the structure of consciousness could be partitioned into the act of consciousness and the phenomenon that it is being directed at to arrive at knowledge of essences or objects in themselves that appear in consciousness he introduces a method called bracketing epoche which culls away assumptions of how we normally think of objects as separate external things what we are left with are the invariant features that are perceived which constitute our understanding of the object for example my understanding of a rectangle can be bracketed to yield a four sided shape with four right angles abstract species such as rectangles of same area can be eidetically reduced to shapes of rectangles whose product of lengths and widths are the same such common features are said to have consistent meanings that are fulfilled by a unified intuition which can be read off for indexical or context sensitive experiences husserl characterizes them by their singularity i e the object or set of intentional objects that are relevant in all possible worlds the indexical experience is thought of as one of many worlds on a manifold that pertain to future courses of experiences with the indexical case as its root these potential experiences constitute the intentional horizon conditioned on the indexical event e g the anticipation of a moving car experiences on such a horizon share a common identity labeled as determinable x which is a higher order moment belief judgment for inter subjectivity we undergo acts of empathic experience where conscious acts are attributed to other subjects the existence of other subjects follows from an egocentric view that others who act in ways similar to my own will perceive things in ways similar to my own one puts himself in the other s shoes such a belief allows one to ascribe intentional acts to others without inference self evident and is a part of the intentional background or lifeworld or foundation of sense making that is built into language and culture a priori lifeworld is thus a world horizon of all potential experiences e g prescientific qualities such as spatial shape motion body and spatiotemporality these qualities ground the more objective sciences when they employ any propositional content or appeal to intuitive acceptance self evident truths husserl heidegger january 4 2015 december 21 2017 nonnaci authenticity being being in world being with care dasein death disclosure dwelling enframing evasion existence existentialism fallenness four fold heidegger history involvement phenomenology poetic habitation poiesis present at hand ready to hand revealing technology thrownness time unfolding 1 comment heidegger sought to peer behind western metaphysics by engaging in the pre theoretical conditions necessary for intentionality representations of things in human thought that is what does to exist or to be mean with regards to entities beings heidegger refers to what makes beings intelligible able to be represented as the meaning of being not in the set of being this ontological difference between being and being as not a super being is conflated in the story of western philosophy since the time of plato which equated the meaning of being to a series of beings namely idea substance monad subjectivity and will to power such a distinction is relevant as all categories of thought that do not clarify the ontological difference are subject to the limits of their mode of being thus the investigation of the a priori transcendental conditions for modes of being is heidegger s preoccupation heidegger begins with the the unique mode of being for humans dasein as the having to be open or being is an issue for it this is to say that dasein tends towards sense meaning making to make intelligible the phenomenological method for examining such tendencies is hermeneutic interpretive and historically embedded dasein begins with ordinary encounters with entities equipment through the their skillful use readiness to hand while engaged in the activity dasein lacks a conscious awareness of the equipment as an independent entity in the way that one would if standing back the person is absorbed in the world with the equipment and so the person has no awareness of himself as a subject ...
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