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Text of the page (random words):
finds the new york times archived from the original on 4 november 2010 retrieved 24 february 2017 1 2 sussman 2011 p 354 black death causes facts and consequences encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 9 july 2019 retrieved 1 august 2019 snowden 2019 pp 49 53 plague www who int archived from the original on 30 april 2018 retrieved 23 july 2024 mccoy terrence 26 october 2021 everything you know about the black death is wrong washington post issn 0190 8286 archived from the original on 27 august 2016 retrieved 23 july 2024 ancient teeth from siberia rewrite the plague s timeline dating back to over 5 500 years ago associated press via wtop news 17 june 2026 retrieved 22 june 2026 the black death patient zero tv documentary apple tv 2025 1 2 spyrou maria a musralina lyazzat gnecchi ruscone guido a kocher arthur borbone pier giorgio khartanovich valeri i buzhilova alexandra djansugurova leyla bos kirsten i kühnert denise haak wolfgang 15 june 2022 the source of the black death in fourteenth century central eurasia nature 606 7915 718 724 bibcode 2022natur 606 718s doi 10 1038 s41586 022 04800 3 issn 1476 4687 pmc 9217749 pmid 35705810 s2cid 249709693 origins of the black death identified mpg de retrieved 3 may 2026 mystery of black death s origins solved say researchers the guardian 15 june 2022 archived from the original on 15 june 2022 retrieved 15 june 2022 horrox 1994 p 159 al asqalani ih badhl ai md on fi fadi at ld an cairo legan ja 2015 the medical response to the black death senior honors projects b a james madison university archived from the original on 19 october 2021 retrieved 3 december 2020 1 2 tignor et al 2014 p 407 ziegler 1998 p 25 maps and statistics plague in the united states centers for disease control and prevention 25 november 2019 archived from the original on 8 april 2020 retrieved 8 april 2020 arrizabalaga 2010 yersin a 1894 la peste bubonique a hong kong annales de l institut pasteur journal de microbiologie 8 9 662 67 issn 0020 2444 archived from the original on 12 april 2020 retrieved 12 april 2020 via gallica simond p l october 1898 la propagation de la peste the spread of the plague annales de l institut pasteur in french 12 10 625 687 archived from the original on 18 july 2024 retrieved 18 july 2024 from p 674 nous avon pratiqué un certain nombre de fois l examen microscopique du contenu intestinal des puces recueillies sur les rats spontanément pestiférés et dans plusieurs cas nous avons constaté la présence d un bacille morphologiquement semblable à celui de la peste we carried out a number of times microscopic examinations of the intestinal contents of fleas which were collected from rats which had become infected with plague and in several cases we noted the presence of a bacillus which was morphologically similar to that of the plague 1 2 3 4 christakos et al 2005 pp 110 14 drancourt m aboudharam g signoli m dutour o raoult d october 1998 detection of 400 year old yersinia pestis dna in human dental pulp an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 95 21 12637 12640 bibcode 1998pnas 9512637d doi 10 1073 pnas 95 21 12637 issn 0027 8424 pmc 22883 pmid 9770538 gilbert et al 2004 1 2 bos 2011 spyrou et al 2019 wagner et al 2014 rasmussen et al 2015 1 2 3 vanessa thorpe 29 march 2014 black death was not spread by rat fleas say researchers the guardian archived from the original on 30 march 2014 retrieved 29 march 2014 morgan j 30 march 2014 black death skeletons unearthed by crossrail project bbc news archived from the original on 25 december 2017 retrieved 20 august 2017 hunt katie 15 june 2022 dna analysis reveals source of black death cnn archived from the original on 18 june 2022 retrieved 18 june 2022 ziegler 1998 p 233 guarino b 16 january 2018 the classic explanation for the black death plague is wrong scientists say the washington post retrieved 2 april 2020 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link rettner r 17 january 2018 rats may not be to blame for spreading the black death live science archived from the original on 28 march 2020 retrieved 2 april 2020 durden lance a hinkle nancy c 2019 fleas siphonaptera medical and veterinary entomology elsevier pp 145 169 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 814043 7 00010 8 isbn 978 0 12 814043 7 walløe 2008 p 69 kennedy m 2011 black death study lets rats off the hook the guardian london isbn 978 0 7524 2829 1 archived from the original on 27 august 2013 retrieved 14 december 2016 cite news cs1 maint periodical has isbn link sloane 2011 dean et al 2018 1 2 3 byrne 2004 pp 21 29 snowden 2019 pp 50 51 nordqvist c 1 november 2010 origins of the black death traced back to china gene sequencing has revealed medicalnewstoday com archived from the original on 17 july 2022 retrieved 13 december 2021 wade n 31 october 2010 europe s plagues came from china study finds the new york times archived from the original on 4 november 2010 retrieved 25 march 2020 the great waves of plague that twice devastated europe and changed the course of history had their origins in china a team of medical geneticists reported sunday as did a third plague outbreak that struck less harmfully in the 19th century in the issue of nature genetics published online sunday they conclude that all three of the great waves of plague originated from china where the root of their tree is situated the likely origin of the plague in china has nothing to do with its people or crowded cities dr achtman said the bacterium has no interest in people whom it slaughters by accident its natural hosts are various species of rodent such as marmots and voles which are found throughout china morelli et al 2010 eroshenko ga nosov ny krasnov ym oglodin yg kukleva lm guseva np et al 2017 yersinia pestis strains of ancient phylogenetic branch 0 ant are widely spread in the high mountain plague foci of kyrgyzstan plos one 12 10 e0187230 bibcode 2017ploso 1287230e doi 10 1371 journal pone 0187230 pmc 5658180 pmid 29073248 1 2 3 slavin 2019 1 2 spyrou ma tukhbatova ri feldman m drath j kacki s beltrán de heredia j et al june 2016 historical y pestis genomes reveal the european black death as the source of ancient and modern plague pandemics cell host microbe 19 6 874 881 doi 10 1016 j chom 2016 05 012 pmid 27281573 1 2 3 4 moore m 1 november 2010 black death may have originated in china the daily telegraph archived from the original on 18 october 2017 retrieved 2 april 2018 creighton c 1891 a history of epidemics in britain cambridge at the university press p 153 1 2 3 4 5 sussman 2011 kohn gc 2008 encyclopedia of plague and pestilence from ancient times to the present infobase publishing p 31 isbn 978 0 8160 6935 4 archived from the original on 31 march 2019 retrieved 16 october 2015 hecker 1859 p 21 cited by ziegler p 15 1 2 sussman 2011 p 328 benedictow 2004 pp 48 49 benedictow 2004 pp 50 51 von glahn 2016 p 440 green 2020 baker g 1847 1350 gilles aj ed galfridi le baker de swinbroke chronicon angliae temporibus edwardi ii et edwardi iii in latin and english londini apud jacobum bohn lccn 08014593 ol 6996785m archived from the original on 3 august 2008 via internet archive wheelis 2002 barras greub 2014 in the middle ages a famous although controversial example is offered by the siege of caffa now feodossia in ukraine crimea a genovese outpost on the black sea coast by the mongols in 1346 the attacking army experienced an epidemic of bubonic plague the italian chronicler gabriele de mussi in his istoria de morbo sive mortalitate quae fuit anno domini 1348 describes quite plausibly how plague was transmitted by the mongols by throwing diseased cadavers with catapults into the besieged city and how ships transporting genovese soldiers fleas and rats fleeing from there brought it to the mediterranean ports given the highly complex epidemiology of plague this interpretation of the black death which might have killed 25 million people in the following years throughout europe as stemming from a specific and localized origin of the black death remains controversial similarly it remains doubtful whether the effect of throwing infected cadavers could have been the sole cause of the outburst of an epidemic in the besieged city byrne jp 2012 caffa kaffa fyodosia ukraine encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 65 isbn 978 1 59884 253 1 archived from the original on 4 june 2020 retrieved 8 may 2020 1 2 3 4 byrne jp 2012 constantinople istanbul encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 87 isbn 978 1 59884 254 8 oclc 769344478 michael of piazza platiensis bibliotheca scriptorum qui res in sicilia gestas retulere vol 1 p 562 cited in ziegler 1998 p 40 de smet vol ii breve chronicon p 15 karlsson 2000 p 111 byrne joseph p 16 january 2012 encyclopedia of the black death bloomsbury publishing usa p 245 isbn 978 1 59884 254 8 1 2 belich james 25 june 2024 the world the plague made the black death and the rise of europe princeton university press p 42 isbn 978 0 691 21916 5 northern russia was hit in 1352 beginning in towns close to the baltic novgorod and pskov and reaching moscow in 1353 zuchora walske 2013 welford bossak 2010 curtis dr roosen j october 2017 the sex selective impact of the black death and recurring plagues in the southern netherlands 1349 1450 american journal of physical anthropology 164 2 246 259 bibcode 2017ajpa 164 246c doi 10 1002 ajpa 23266 pmc 6667914 pmid 28617987 samia et al 2011 cohn 2008 stefan kroll permanent dead link kersten krüger 2004 lit verlag berlin isbn 3 8258 8778 2 baggaley kate 24 february 2015 bubonic plague was a serial visitor in european middle ages science news archived from the original on 24 february 2015 retrieved 24 february 2015 schmid et al 2015 baten j koepke n 2005 the biological standard of living in europe during the last two millennia european review of economic history 9 1 61 95 doi 10 1017 s1361491604001388 hdl 10419 47594 archived from the original on 13 december 2021 retrieved 4 february 2020 via ebsco 1 2 green 2018 1 2 3 4 5 byrne jp 2012 encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 51 isbn 978 1 59884 253 1 archived from the original on 4 june 2020 retrieved 8 may 2020 1 2 3 4 5 6 byrne jp 2012 cairo egypt encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio pp 65 66 isbn 978 1 59884 254 8 oclc 769344478 an economic history of the world since 1400 english archived from the original on 25 july 2018 retrieved 23 may 2018 sadek n 2006 rasulids in meri j ed medieval islamic civilization an encyclopedia volume ii l z routledge isbn 978 1 351 66813 2 archived from the original on 27 july 2020 retrieved 8 may 2020 ayalon yaron ed 2014 the black death and the rise of the ottomans natural disasters in the ottoman empire plague famine and other misfortunes cambridge cambridge university press pp 21 60 doi 10 1017 cbo9781139680943 004 isbn 978 1 107 07297 8 retrieved 2 march 2024 r totaro suffering in paradise the bubonic plague in english literature from more to milton pittsburgh duquesne university press 2005 p 26 1 2 3 4 5 gasquet francis aidan 29 may 2014 the great pestilence a d 1348 9 now commonly known as the black death boccaccio g 1351 decameron mark jj 3 april 2020 boccaccio on the black death text commentary world history encyclopedia archived from the original on 20 april 2021 retrieved 20 april 2021 ziegler 1998 pp 18 19 herlihy d 1997 the black death and the transformation of the west cambridge massachusetts harvard university press p 29 isbn 978 0 674 07613 6 1 2 3 byrne 2004 p 8 olea ra christakos g june 2005 duration of urban mortality for the 14th century black death epidemic human biology 77 3 291 303 doi 10 1353 hub 2005 0051 pmid 16392633 s2cid 5993227 black death discriminated between victims abc news in science australian broadcasting corporation 29 january 2008 archived from the original on 20 december 2016 retrieved 3 november 2008 black death s gene code cracked wired 3 october 2001 archived from the original on 26 april 2015 retrieved 12 february 2015 de coding the black death bbc news 3 october 2001 archived from the original on 7 july 2017 retrieved 3 november 2008 izdebski a guzowski p poniat r masci l palli j vignola c bauch m cocozza c fernandes r ljungqvist f c newfield t 10 february 2022 palaeoecological data indicates land use changes across europe linked to spatial heterogeneity in mortality during the black death pandemic nature ecology evolution 6 3 297 306 bibcode 2022natee 6 297i doi 10 1038 s41559 021 01652 4 issn 2397 334x pmc 8913360 pmid 35145268 s2cid 246750095 gottfried 2010 p 77 noymer andrew 2007 contesting the cause and severity of the black death a review essay pdf population and development review 33 3 616 627 issn 0098 7921 archived pdf from the original on 1 january 2024 retrieved 13 december 2023 1 2 ole j benedictow the black death the greatest catastrophe ever history today volume 55 issue 3 march 2005 archived 3 november 2016 at the wayback machine cf benedictow the black death 1346 1353 the complete history boydell press 2012 pp 380ff isbn 9781843832140 1 2 philip daileader the late middle ages audio video course produced by the teaching company 2007 isbn 978 1 59803 345 8 1 2 antoine d 2008 the archaeology of plague medical history 52 s27 101 114 doi 10 1017 s0025727300072112 s2cid 16241962 1 2 3 4 cohn sk 2010 black death social and economic impact of the in bjork re ed the oxford dictionary of the middle ages oxford university press doi 10 1093 acref 9780198662624 001 0001 isbn 978 0 19 866262 4 archived from the original on 11 april 2020 retrieved 11 april 2020 snell m 2006 the great mortality historymedren about com archived from the original on 10 march 2009 retrieved 19 april 2009 dick et al 2015 wunderli r 1992 peasant fires the drummer of niklashausen indiana university press p 52 isbn 978 0 253 36725 9 bennett hollister 2006 p 329 1 2 3 byrne jp 2012 vinario raimundo chalmel de magister raimundus chalmelli chalin d after 1382 encyclopedia of the black death santa barbara california abc clio p 354 isbn 978 1 59884 253 1 archived from the original on 13 june 2021 retrieved 24 december 2020 nauert 2006 p 106 plague readings archived 29 august 2008 at the wayback machine from p m rogers aspects of western civilization prentice hall 2000 pp 353 65 egypt major cities archived 17 january 2013 at the wayback machine u s library of congress from black death to fatal flu past pandemics show why people on the margins suffer most archived from the original on 1 october 2021 retrieved 1 january 2023 scheidel 2017 pp 292 93 304 munro 2004 p 352 black death causes facts and consequences encyclopædia britannica archived from the original on 9 july 2019 retrieved 26 november 2019 getz trevor read unit 3 introduction land based empires 1450 to 1750 khan academy retrieved 19 april 2024 ravilious kate 27 february 2006 europe s c...
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