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trading iron triangle judicial kickback kleptocracy in local government mafia state malfeasance misfeasance nepotism politically exposed person pyrrhic defeat theory revolving door political machine political scandal slush fund simony suspicious activity report state capture state corporate crime throffer anti corruption international anti corruption court group of states against corruption international anti corruption academy international anti corruption day united nations convention against corruption corruption by country africa algeria angola botswana burkina faso cameroon cape verde central african republic chad comoros côte d ivoire democratic republic of the congo egypt equatorial guinea eritrea ethiopia gambia ghana guinea bissau kenya lesotho liberia libya madagascar malawi mali mauritius morocco namibia niger nigeria rwanda senegal seychelles sierra leone somalia south africa south sudan sudan tanzania togo tunisia uganda zambia zimbabwe asia afghanistan armenia azerbaijan bahrain bangladesh bhutan brunei cambodia china cyprus georgia india indonesia iran iraq israel japan jordan kuwait kyrgyzstan kazakhstan lebanon malaysia maldives mongolia myanmar nepal north korea oman palestine pakistan philippines singapore south korea sri lanka syria taiwan tajikistan thailand timor leste turkey turkmenistan united arab emirates uzbekistan vietnam yemen europe albania andorra austria belgium bosnia and herzegovina bulgaria croatia czech republic denmark finland france germany greece hungary iceland ireland italy kosovo latvia liechtenstein lithuania luxembourg malta moldova monaco montenegro netherlands north macedonia northern ireland norway poland portugal romania russia san marino serbia slovakia slovenia spain sweden switzerland ukraine united kingdom wales north america canada mexico united states central america costa rica cuba el salvador haiti honduras nicaragua south america argentina bolivia brazil chile colombia ecuador guyana paraguay peru suriname uruguay venezuela oceania australia fiji kiribati marshall islands micronesia nauru new zealand palau papua new guinea samoa tonga tuvalu v t e corruption in south africa includes the improper use of public resources for private ends including bribery and improper favouritism 1 corruption was thought to be at its highest during the period of the alleged state capture under the presidency of jacob zuma but has remained widespread during the current new dawn presidency of his successor cyril negatively affecting criminal justice service provision economic opportunity social cohesion and political integrity in south africa 2 south africa has a robust anti corruption framework but laws are inadequately enforced and accountability in public sectors such as healthcare remains below par 3 according to a 2021 afrobarometer survey 76 2 of south africans believe that ordinary people risk retaliation and other negative consequences if they report incidents of corruption 4 a scandal involving the gupta family and former south african president jacob zuma pushed zuma out of office as a long list of corruption complaints against the former president resurfaced 5 complaints against zuma range from the former leader s lavish spending of state funds to awarding contracts based on nepotism and businesses with familial connections or close ties benefiting through their association with him 6 the zondo commission was later created to investigate zuma and his associates for corruption corruption has also negatively impacted south africa s ability to resolve the country s long running energy crisis 7 8 9 despite efforts to reduce corruption it remains a significant problem facing the country with a 2024 afrobarometer survey showing that it has significantly contributed to a large drop in public support for democracy whilst hindering efforts to reduce poverty unemployment and inequality 10 11 apartheid and corruption edit apartheid a system of discrimination and segregation on racial grounds dominated the ideology and political system in south africa from 1948 to 1994 this system which intentionally excluded non afrikaners from civil service jobs government positions and politics entirely came to an end in 1994 when the african national congress headed by nelson mandela conducted negotiations with the south african government at the time 12 before the abolition of apartheid the south african civil service was a pervasive medium for rent seeking and the preferential treatment of afrikaners 12 policies favouring afrikaner cultural and educational systems the awarding of government contracts to afrikaner businesses and the funding of parastatal afrikaner organisations was a common phenomenon during the era of apartheid the building of rural homeland states in the 1980s created ideal projects for rent seeking with many homeland leaders presiding over massive networks of patronage 12 a notable corruption scandal during apartheid was the muldergate scandal that involved the improper use of public funds to conduct a pro apartheid propaganda campaign the scandal brought down the government of prime minister john vorster during the anti apartheid struggle the african national congress anc was receiving funds from foreign donors in order to build up stronger opposition parties to protest against south africa s national party and apartheid these leaders were given large sums of money without formal bookkeeping there are however no reports or evidence of corruption 12 the anc s tradition of loyalty to the organization was shaped in the apartheid era with clear implications in modern day anc politics in the middle years of jacob zuma s presidency corruption became rampant in most government departments intelligence agencies the police and the military there is much ongoing debate regarding the origins of corruption and the definition of corruption in south africa the inherited bureaucracy and political culture which originated in the apartheid era have rendered corruption issues hard to trace and tackle 13 the presidency of jacob zuma in 2009 created an environment where corruption flourished under the new leadership 12 both the new and old political order created their own types of corruption benefiting those in their inner circles although forms of endemic corruption were passed on to the new order in 1994 new forms of corruption have emerged adding new layers of theft from the state s purse perception of corruption in south africa edit perception of honesty in the south african public sector from 1995 to 2023 the higher the score the more honest people perceive the public sector to be source corruption perceptions index 14 via sairr oct 2020 15 in 2013 afrobarometer found a substantial increase in the public s perception of corruption since 2008 16 66 of south africans believed that the government could be doing more to curb corruption compared to 56 elsewhere on the continent 16 south africans experience of first hand corruption ranks among the least on a first hand basis in africa clarification needed at one stage only 15 of south africans admit to having paid a bribe the average percentage of all africans who have paid bribes to government officials was around 30 16 citation needed between 2011 and 2015 former president jacob zuma s public approval ratings almost halved from 64 to 36 possibly due to corruption scandals over that period 16 citation needed the majority of south africans believe that various branches of government should oversee other branches of government s work around a quarter of south africans feel they should be allowed to be responsible for holding elected representatives and leaders accountable 16 transparency international s 2025 corruption perceptions index scored south africa at 41 on a scale from 0 highly corrupt to 100 very clean when ranked by score south africa ranked 81st among the 180 countries in the index where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector 17 since transparency international began using its current scoring system in 2012 south africa s score has varied between a high of 45 in 2016 and its lowest score of 41 in 2023 2024 and 2025 18 for comparison with regional scores the average score among sub saharan african countries note 1 was 32 the best score in sub saharan africa was 68 and the worst score was 9 20 for comparison with worldwide scores the best score was 89 ranked 1 the average score was 42 and the worst score was 9 ranked 181 in a two way tie 18 in 2021 9 1 of south africans believed that corruption was the most important problem facing the country meaning that corruption ranked second only to unemployment in the priorities of those surveyed 4 60 5 believed that the government was doing very badly at fighting corruption and another 15 4 believed that it was doing fairly badly 4 types of corruption in south africa edit although south africa is subjected to various types of corruption three notable forms are wasteful expenditure state capture and corruption related to or using black economic empowerment bee legislation recent state capture scandals involving south african politicians and the gupta family have brought these types of corruption into the public spotlight petty corruption is another relevant issue affecting public services and day to day life in south africa local municipalities have also been reported as significantly impacted by corruption with corruption watch describing them as amongst the most corrupt institutions in the country 21 a 2022 report by the global initiative against transnational organized crime has described the presence of organised crime as an existential threat to south africa s democratic institutions economy and people 2 most prevalent sectors with reports of corruption in 2021 22 23 sector of total reports the most common type of corruption province with the highest number of reports percentage police 10 0 abuse of authority gauteng 47 schools 5 8 abuse of authority gauteng 37 covid 19 related corruption 3 8 maladministration housing 3 1 maladministration gauteng 55 health 2 7 procurement corruption gauteng 41 traffic 2 7 bribery and extortion gauteng 83 licensing 2 3 bribery and extortion mining 1 2 maladministration limpopo 31 state capture edit main article state capture south africa state capture a type of systemic political corruption in which private interests significantly influence a state s decision making processes to their own advantage became prevalent in south africa during the presidency of jacob zuma see section below 24 25 26 the most notable incident of state capture is the gupta family scandal see section below 27 state capture in south africa has been estimated by the government to have cost the country up to r 250 billion us 17 billion between 2014 and 2017 28 and reduced the country s gdp growth rate by an estimated 4 a year 29 former south african treasury official ismail momoniat has stated that state capture during the zuma administration caused such severe damage to the south african economy that it effectively reversed all the efforts of the mandela and mbeki administrations to develop the country s economy 30 black economic empowerment edit see also black economic empowerment corruption two notable types of corruption related to the government policies of bee and broad based black economic empowerment bbbee are bee fronting and political corruption political corruption edit bee and bbbee requirements have been used to facilitate state capture in south africa with government contracts improperly awarded at inflated prices to politically connected tenderpreneurs sometimes to the detriment of quality and service delivery 31 32 33 a notable criticism of bbbee is that the policy has been co opted and repurposed by factions and powerful members of south africa s political elite mostly within the governing anc for the purposes of corrupt self enrichment at the expense of south africans who are not politically connected 34 35 36 37 thereby fueling the growth of corruption within south africa reducing economic growth and increasing unemployment 38 39 moeletsi mbeki has argued that bee is the biggest driver of corruption in south africa 38 bee fronting edit bee fronting is an abuse of the rules governing bee where qualifying persons are given a seat on the board of a company while having no decision making power in the company in order to qualify the company for government contracts in terms of bee 40 in june 2017 netcare a company which operates the largest private hospital network in south africa was accused of bee fronting 41 since then 17 other complaints have been filed against various south african companies regarding bee fronting 41 related to this is cadre deployment and employment which is an official anc policy to colonize the government with officials loyal to the anc 40 petty corruption edit petty corruption is a prevalent issue in south africa s public service sphere a survey conducted by the iss national victims of crime tested the extent and nature of petty corruption in south africa 42 one of the main issues highlighted by this survey is south africans lack of access to information regarding how to report corrupt acts 42 the fear of facing repercussions for whistle blowing and the pervasive belief that reporting corruption will not cause change are two other concerns revealed by the 2011 survey 42 respondents of the survey were most likely to pay bribes to traffic officials followed by police officers and officials in employment offices 42 these findings support the notion that the perception of corruption in local government departments such as traffic and municipal policing is high 42 the frequency of bribes involving police officers is concerning due to their role in tackling corruption and illicit behavior only 5 6 of south africans reported experiencing forms of petty corruption involving money favours and gifts 42 even though the percentage of experienced corruption is low the high perception of corruption has led respondents to prioritize corruption as the second most prevalent crime in the country 42 corruption scandals edit jacob zuma and corruption edit zuma s time in office was marked by controversy and numerous incidences of corruption his resignation on february 14 2018 came after months of pressure from the anc 43 in april 2018 it was announced that zuma would be prosecuted on 12 counts of fraud one of racketeering two of corruption and one of money laundering zuma faced corruption charges involving the us 2 5 billion south african arms deal 43 on 11 october 2019 a south african high court denied zuma a motion to withdraw the recent criminal charges against him 44 zuma was imprisoned for refusing to give evidence to the zondo commission resulting in the july 2021 unrest 45 46 52 nkandla edit main article nkandla homestead the nkandla homestead scandal involved the controversial and possibly corrupt 47 funding of pre...
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