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were found to be duds 6 these were hazardous to attacker and defender alike in response the british dedicated a section of ordnance examiners from the royal army ordnance corps to handle the growing problem in 1918 the germans developed delayed action fuzes that would later develop into more sophisticated versions during the 1930s as nazi germany began its secret course of arms development these tests led to the development of uxbs unexploded bombs pioneered by herbert ruehlemann of rheinmetall and first employed during the spanish civil war of 1936 37 such delayed action bombs provoked terror in the civilian population because of the uncertainty of time and also complicated the task of disarming them the germans saw that unexploded bombs caused far more chaos and disruption than bombs that exploded immediately this caused them to increase their usage of delayed action bombs in world war ii initially there were no specialized tools training or core knowledge available and as ammunition technicians learned how to neutralize one variant of munition safely the enemy would add or change parts to make neutralization efforts more hazardous this trend of cat and mouse extends even to the present day and the various techniques used to disarm munitions are not publicized wwii modern techniques edit a bomb disposal team in 1940 modern eod technicians across the world can trace their heritage to the blitz when the united kingdom s cities were subjected to extensive bombing raids by nazi germany in addition to conventional air raids unexploded bombs uxbs took their toll on population and morale paralyzing vital services and communications bombs fitted with delayed action fuzes provoked fear and uncertainty in the civilian population the first uxbs were encountered in the autumn of 1939 before the blitz and were for the most part easily dealt with mostly by royal air force or air raid precautions personnel in the spring of 1940 when the phony war ended the british realized that they were going to need professionals in numbers to deal with the coming problem 25 sections were authorized for the royal engineers in may 1940 another 109 in june and 220 by august organization was needed and as the blitz began 25 bomb disposal companies were created between august 1940 and january 1941 each company had ten sections each section having a bomb disposal officer and 14 other ranks to assist six companies were deployed in london by january 1941 the problem of uxbs was further complicated when royal engineer bomb disposal personnel began to encounter munitions fitted with anti handling devices e g the luftwaffe s zus40 anti removal bomb fuze of 1940 bomb fuzes incorporating anti handling devices were specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel scientists and technical staff responded by devising methods and equipment to render them safe including the work of eric moxey 7 the united states war department felt the british bomb disposal experience could be a valuable asset based on reports from u s army navy and marine corps observers at raf melksham in wiltshire england in 1940 the next year the office of civilian defense ocd and war department both sponsored a bomb disposal program after the attack on pearl harbor the british sent instructors to aberdeen proving ground where the u s army would inaugurate a formal bomb disposal school under the ordnance corps colonel thomas j kane became the u s army ordnance bomb disposal school commandant and later served as eto director of bomb disposal under dwight d eisenhower 8 in may 1941 british colleagues helped establish the naval mine disposal school at the naval gun factory washington d c concurrently the u s navy under the command of lieutenant draper l kauffman who would go on to found the underwater demolition teams better known as udts or the u s navy frogmen created the naval bomb disposal school at university campus washington d c the first us army bomb disposal companies were deployed in north africa and sicily but proved cumbersome and were replaced with mobile seven man squads in 1943 wartime errors were rectified in 1947 when army personnel started attending a new school at indian head maryland under u s navy direction that same year the forerunner of the eod technology center the usn bureau of naval weapons charged with research development test and evaluation of eod tools tactics and procedures was born northern ireland edit the long walk 9 a british army ato approaches a suspect device in northern ireland the ammunition technicians of the royal logistic corps rlc formerly raoc became highly experienced in bomb disposal after many years of dealing with bombs planted by the provisional irish republican army pira and other paramilitary groups during the troubles the bombs employed by the pira ranged from simple pipe bombs to sophisticated victim triggered devices and infrared switches the roadside bomb was in use by pira from the early 1970s onwards evolving over time with different types of explosives and triggers improvised mortars were also developed by the ira usually placed in static vehicles with self destruct mechanisms 10 during the 38 year campaign in northern ireland 23 british ato bomb disposal specialists were killed in action 11 a specialist army unit 321 eod unit later 321 eod company and now 321 eod search squadron rlc part of 11 explosive ordnance disposal and search regiment rlc was deployed to tackle increased ira violence and willingness to use bombs against both economic and military targets the unit s radio call sign was felix all units in northern ireland had a callsign to be used over the radios 321 company a newly formed unit didn t have such a callsign so a young signaller was sent to the oc of 321 coy the oc having lost two technicians that morning decided on phoenix this was misheard as felix by the signaller and was never changed the other possible reason is that the callsign for raoc was rickshaw however the 321 eod felt it needed its own callsign hence the deliberate choice of felix the cat with nine lives 321 coy raoc now 321 eod search sqn rlc is the most decorated unit in peacetime in the british army with over 200 gallantry awards notably for acts of great bravery during operation banner 1969 2007 in northern ireland 12 the us forces commanders requested british ammunition technicians of 11 eod search regiment rlc to operate in support of the us marine corps in clearing the iraqi oilfields of booby traps they were among the first british service personnel sent into iraq in 2003 before the ground invasion low intensity conflicts edit u s marines conducting a controlled detonation of improvised explosive devices in afghanistan the eruption of low intensity conflicts and terrorism waves at the beginning of the 21st century caused further development in the techniques and methods of bomb disposal eod operators and technicians had to adapt to rapidly evolving methods of constructing improvised explosive devices ranging from shrapnel filled explosive belts to 100 kg bombs since improvised explosives are generally unreliable and very unstable they pose great risk to the public and especially to the eod operator trying to render them safe therefore new methods like greater reliance on remote techniques such as advanced remotely operated vehicles similar to the british wheelbarrow or armored bulldozers evolved many nations have developed their own versions such as the d7 mcap and the armored d9r u s navy explosive ordnance disposal eod divers besides large mine clearing vehicles such as the trojan the british army also uses small remote controlled vehicles such as the dragon runner and the chevette 13 clarification needed during the al aqsa intifada israeli eod forces disarmed and detonated thousands of explosive charges lab bombs and explosive ammunition such as rockets two israeli eod teams gained high reputation for leading the efforts in that area the army s israeli engineering corps sayeret yahalom and the israeli border guard gaza area eod team in the iraq war the multi national force iraq faced many bombs on travel routes such charges can easily destroy light vehicles such as the humvee and large ones can destroy main battle tanks such charges caused many casualties and along with car bombs and suicide bombers were a major cause of casualties in iraq in spain s autonomous basque country where bombings by basque separatist groups were common during the 1980s and 1990s there are three corps in charge of bomb disposal policia nacional guardia civil and ertzaintza the ertzaintza handle general civilian threats while the policia nacional and guardia civil maintain capabilities mainly to defend their own assets and personnel in other parts of the country the guardia civil and policia nacional develop their tasks within their own abilities contemporary operating environment edit eod continues to face multiple challenges throughout the 21st century as the proliferation of explosive ordnance continues worldwide the russo ukraine war gaza israel conflict and 2026 iran war example conflicts where the demand for trained and capable eod forces are required to protect forces civilians personnel and equipment 14 15 16 eod is challenged to rapidly adapt to new conventional ordnance threats and new improvised techniques all while maintaining historic competencies additionally the scale and scope of these challenges tends to overwhelm available eod capacity resulting in long term remediation challenges 17 eod approaches edit united states edit military edit in the united states explosive ordnance disposal eod is a specialized technical area in military and law enforcement 18 19 20 each military service maintains its own eod force with the us navy as the executive agent for the us military s eod program eod qualification is earned after successful graduation from the us naval school explosive ordnance disposal navscoleod 21 upon graduation of navscoleod us military members earn a military occupational skill mos code associated with their branch of service us navy nec m02a us army 89d enlisted 89e officer us marine corps 2336 us air force 3e8x1 each service often requires additional certifications skills and training before individuals are full approve to operate 22 each service is responsible for eod response on their respective installations and often provide support to local areas as required civilian edit psbt edit an fbi agent in a bomb suit performing a training mission us eod covers both on and off base calls in the us unless there is a local psbt or public safety bomb technician who can handle the bomb ordnance should only be handled by the eod experts also called a hazardous devices technician psbts are usually members of a police department although teams are also formed by fire departments or emergency management agencies to be certified a psbt must attend the fbi hazardous devices school at redstone arsenal alabama which is modeled on the international iedd training school at the army school of ammunition known as the felix centre this school helps them to become knowledgeable in the detection diagnosis and disposal of hazardous devices they are further trained to collect evidence in hazardous devices and present expert witness testimony in court on bombing cases united kingdom edit disposal of a british 4 000 pound blockbuster bomb dropped by the raf during world war ii found in the rhine near koblenz 4 december 2011 a linear shaped charge has been placed on top of the casing in the united kingdom eod operators are held within all three services each service has differing responsibilities for uxo however they will often work closely on operations ammunition technical officers and ammunition technicians of the royal logistic corps deal with many aspects of eod including conventional munitions and homemade bombs 23 they are also trained in chemical biological incendiary radiological dirty bombs and nuclear weapons they provide support to vips help civilian authorities with bomb problems teach personnel from all three services about bomb safety and a variety of other tasks the royal engineers of 33 engineer regiment eod provide eod expertise for air dropped munitions in peacetime and conventional munitions on operations as well as battle area clearance and high risk search in support of improvised explosive device disposal 24 royal engineers provide search advice and assets ammunition technicians and ammunition technical officers of 11 explosive ordnance disposal and search regiment rlc provide improvised explosive device disposal iedd conventional munitions disposal cmd and biological chemical munitions disposal bcmd they also provide expertise in advanced iedd and in the investigation of accidents and incidents involving ammunition and explosives where they are seen as subject matter experts smes bomb suit of bomb disposal squad of the indian army weapons intelligence is supplied by royal military police intelligence corps and ammunition technical personnel who tap into the combined explosive exploitation cell cexc units of the us all prospective ammunition technicians attend a grueling course of instruction at the army school of ammunition and the felix centre united kingdom the time frame for an rlc ammunition technician to complete all necessary courses prior to finally being placed on an eod team is around 36 months whereas the engineer eod training period although shorter in total is spread over a number of years and interspersed with operational experience re personnel may be posted to core trades such as carpentry or bridge building within their time as engineers royal navy clearance divers also deploy teams both in the uk and on operations working on both iedd improvised explosive device disposal teams as well as the disposal of conventional munitions royal navy personnel spend their entire service working with and around explosives and associated sciences as such are given responsibilities relevant to their roles when it comes to conventional weapons royal navy anything of an explosive nature found below the high water mark or deemed to be of a naval origin nato edit nato alliance countries qualify their eod forces at different levels due to the potential discrepancy in capability nato defines its eod capabilities at different levels to improve interoperability and standardization 25 explosive ordnance reconnaissance eor these forces are trained and equipped to identify and categorize explosive ordnance but are unable to take positive action against the item explosive ordnance clearance eoc these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize and conduct limited procedures to reduce explosive ordnance threats they are typically military engineers and are limited to destroy in situation blow in place procedures conventional munition disposal cmd these forces are trained and equipped to identify categorize render safe and dispose of c...
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