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ed criminal networks having pre existing relationships with their victims such as employers partners friends or through social media 26 according to the national sexual violence resource center many human traffickers are financially motivated while trafficking other people for their own monetary gain some traffickers will also promise their victims things like financial stability and other basic necessities including shelter making these promises to their victims sometimes help them recruit other people to be trafficked which expands the traffickers financial gains 27 pimp controlled trafficking edit in pimp controlled trafficking the victim is controlled by a single trafficker sometimes called a pimp the victim may be controlled by the trafficker physically psychologically and or emotionally to obtain control over their victims traffickers may employ force drugs and emotional tactics in certain circumstances it is common for them to resort to various forms of violence such as gang rape and mental and physical abuse traffickers sometimes use offers of marriage or modeling careers to obtain victims 28 their tactics may also entail intimidation brainwashing and kidnapping child grooming commonly accompanies sex trafficking this entails an attempt to gain trust through inappropriate intimacy and emotional manipulation 29 the trafficker may express love and admiration offer them a job or an education or buying them a ticket to a new location 30 once the victim becomes comfortable the trafficker may request sexual acts from the victim the trafficker may reference previous sexual acts when suggesting others in order to establish normalcy blackmail may also be used especially when the encounter occurs over the internet 29 occasionally the victims may be kidnapped 31 social media has been used to groom and advertise victims 32 once the victim is under the offender s control various techniques are used to restrict their access to their social support network traffickers may threaten physical punishment to the victim or the victim s family if they do not comply 30 traumatized victims become psychologically attached to their captor 33 in india those who traffic young girls into prostitution are often women who have been trafficked themselves as adults these women use personal relationships and trust in their villages of origin to recruit additional girls 34 migrant sex workers can be victims of human trafficking even when they are consenting to be transported for sexual labor 35 36 gang controlled trafficking edit gang controlled sex trafficking differs from other kinds in that it is conducted by gang members as a group gangs may see sex trafficking as a faster way to earn money than drug trafficking and may believe it attracts less police attention 29 sex trafficking serves as a more cost and time efficient way to make money as a human trafficking victim may earn money over the course of many years 37 gangs may partner with other gangs to work as a joint sex trafficking ring this enables them to trade victims with each other a practice which may increase profits by allowing them to offer a greater variety of options to buyers of sex who are often willing to pay more for a certain type of sex worker this practice makes it more difficult for law enforcement to keep track of the victims 38 romeo pimps and loverboys edit see also procuring prostitution romeo pimps and loverboys the terms romeo pimp and loverboy are used to refer to sex traffickers who attempt to gain leverage and control over their victims typically young or otherwise vulnerable individuals by initiating a romantic relationship with them the trafficker bestows attention praise and often gifts in order to foster trust and a sense of dependency in the victim 39 scholars have suggested that use of the terms romeo pimp and loverboy hampers efforts to spread awareness among vulnerable groups 40 branding edit like gang members many victims of sex trafficking are tattooed with gang affiliations 41 this serves as an assertion of ownership on the part of sex traffickers 42 43 these tattoos include the trafficker s name or the name of a gang sometimes with symbols or words such as loyalty and respect 44 familial trafficking edit in familial trafficking the victim is controlled by family members who allow them to be sexually exploited in exchange for something of value such as drugs or money this is most common in trafficking of minors e g a mother may allow a boyfriend to abuse a child in exchange for housing one study found that 60 of all child victims are related to their sex trafficker 45 another study reveals that familial trafficking is most commonly headed by the mother she was the primary trafficker in 64 5 of the cases the father was the trafficker in 32 3 of the cases and another family member in the remaining 3 2 46 familial trafficking may be difficult to detect because these children often have a larger degree of freedom and may still attend school and after school functions these children may not understand that they are being trafficked or may not have a way out familial trafficking is considered by some to be the most prevalent form of human sex trafficking within the united states 29 47 this form of trafficking is also extremely common outside of the united states many families from impoverished areas india pakistan thailand philippines etc find themselves in situations where debt or tradition calls for the selling of a loved one most commonly female in thailand there is a tradition known as bhun kun which establishes the youngest daughter as financially responsible for her parents as they grow old author kara siddharth interviewed a thai victim who stated that she was proud to fulfill her duty to her parents in the form of tiny payments that the brothel owner sent to her father after her trafficking debts were repaid many children are sold to repay debts or to put food on the table for their family 48 49 cybersex trafficking edit main article cybersex trafficking cybersex trafficking involves trafficking and the live streaming of coerced sexual acts and or rape on webcam 50 51 52 victims are abducted threatened or deceived and transferred to cybersex dens 53 54 55 the dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer tablet or phone with internet connection 51 perpetrators use social media networks videoconferences pornographic video sharing websites dating pages online chat rooms apps dark web sites 56 and other platforms 57 this type of sex trafficking has surged since the advent of the digital age 50 51 and the development of online payment systems 56 58 59 and cryptocurrencies that hide the transactors identities 60 millions of reports of its occurrence are sent to authorities annually 61 new laws and police procedures combating cybersex trafficking are needed in the twenty first century 62 forced marriage edit main article forced marriage a forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent 63 servile marriage is defined as a marriage involving a person being sold transferred or inherited into that marriage 64 according to ecpat child trafficking for forced marriage is simply another manifestation of trafficking and is not restricted to particular nationalities or countries 65 a forced marriage qualifies as a form of human trafficking in certain situations if a woman is sent abroad forced into the marriage and then repeatedly compelled to engage in sexual conduct with her new husband then her experience is that of sex trafficking if the bride is treated as a domestic servant by her new husband and or his family then this is a form of labor trafficking 66 approximately 140 million girls under the age of 18 which is about 39 000 a day were forced into early marriages between 2011 and 2020 67 forced marriage which is identified by the united nations as a contemporary form of slavery occurs without full consent of the man or woman and is associated with threats by family members or the bride groom forced marriage occurs not only in foreign countries but in the u s as well the service providers in the united states cannot successfully respond to forced marriage cases because they lack clarity and a true definition of what a forced marriage is 47 sex cults edit a number of new religious movements have been branded sex cults by the media in many cases charges of sex trafficking have led to convictions one example is the multi level marketing company nxivm others are the kidwelly sex cult and onetaste some commentators have also called jeffrey epstein s sex trafficking network cult like a 2019 article 68 in vanity fair explicitly compares epstein to keith raniere the convicted and imprisoned founder of nxivm since the 1960s there have been allegations of sex trafficking against a number of hindu gurus and yoga instructors some of these allegations have led to investigations and convictions both in the us and other western countries and in india see also sexual abuse by yoga gurus citation needed causes edit a complex interconnected web of political socioeconomic governmental and societal factors contribute to sex trafficking 69 many scholars critique the power hierarchies based on gender race and class which underlie economic systems as perpetrators of victims vulnerability to sex trafficking copley argues that women in underdeveloped countries are powerless due to these hierarchies of power 70 71 ideas of gender are thus perpetuated through globalization leaving women vulnerable 71 matusek cites masculinity as privileged with power and control in these hierarchies 71 femininity she notes is associated with submissive and passive qualities 71 femininity s lack of power leaves women to be used by men and consequently be seen as disposable 71 this view of women is perpetuated through the globalization of power hierarchies which matusek argues justifies and normalizes violence and power against women 71 this normalization of violence and power is a key player in the existence and continuation of sex trafficking 71 vesna nikovic ristanovic also cites this normalization of violence and power as a cause of sex trafficking 72 nikovic ristanovic analyzes the role of perceived femininity in women s vulnerability to sex trafficking by specifically looking at the links between militarism and female sexuality 72 nikovic ristanovic cites a connection between war rapes and forced prostitution and sex trafficking 72 the way women s bodies are used in war relate to the normalization of violence and power against women 72 nikovic ristanovic argues that military presence even in times of peace promote ideas of gender which render women vulnerable 72 these ideas concern hegemonic masculinity which nikovic ristanovic defines as the hyper sexuality of men and the submissiveness or passivity of women and girls 72 nikovic ristanovic notes that the global acceptance of this definition justifies exploitation and violence against women since women are viewed as sex objects for the fulfillment of male s sexual desire 72 this western ideal of heteronormative sexuality nikovic ristanovic argues is also perpetuated through media and advertisements in which women are encouraged to appear sexually attractive for men 72 kim anh duong argues that social narratives about women which arise from power hierarchies coupled with women s economic realities render women vulnerable to exploitation and sex trafficking 73 duong identifies the prevailing narrative of women as the disadvantaged victim 73 she cites powerlessness as the result of this narrative which is further perpetuated by social and economic realities which result from development process which leave women dependent on men 73 this overall powerlessness according to duong makes women easy targets of exploitation and violence 73 susan tiefenbrun like duong notes women s lower status of power and consequential dependence on men 74 tiefenbrun unlike duong cites cultural norms as the cause of this vulnerability 74 she argues that cultural norms deprive women of access to and time for receiving an education or learning skills to improve employment opportunities 74 this lack of education and access to employment results in women s dependence on men 74 tiefenbrun argues that women s dependence renders them more vulnerable to traffickers 74 another school of thought attributes women s migration for work in a context of strict immigration controls as the primary factor in women s vulnerability in becoming trafficked for sex there has been an increase in women migrating within and across borders duong cites a demand for women migrant workers which encourages migration 73 the globalization of neoliberalism has shifted the global economy s focus to export production duong notes that there is a demand for women in export production because employers are able to pay them the lowest wages 73 another reason for the demand of women workers is that there is a demand for care work 73 since care work is gendered as women s work duong argues that women are encouraged to migrate to fill this demand 73 janie chuang is one scholar who notes the strict border controls which leave women who migrate for work in informal labor sectors such as for care work with little opportunity for legal migration 75 chuang notes that women are thus more vulnerable to being taken advantage of by sex traffickers who provide opportunities for illegal migration 75 strict immigration laws are also cited by tiefenbrun as a key factor in individuals entering sex trafficking because women will agree to debt bondages and sex traffickers incentives to flee their social and economic realities 74 one cause for women s migration that is widely agreed upon by scholars is the economic pressure upon women due to neoliberal globalization siddharth kara argues that globalization and the spread of western capitalism drive inequality and rural poverty which are the material causes for sex trafficking 4 dong hoon seol points out unequal development between countries as an effect of the globalization of neoliberalism 76 he argues that the growing disparity of wealth between developed and underdeveloped countries leads to migration of women from underdeveloped countries 76 duong cites structural adjustment programs saps an aspect of development policies in the globalization of neoliberalism as a cause for women s poverty unemployment and low wages which promote migration 73 saps affect men and women differently she argues because men and women experience poverty differently 73 this is known as the feminization of poverty 73 much of women s time is spent doing unpaid labor such as housework and care work leading to an overall lower income 73 duong further argues that women are placed at a greater disadvantage due to their lack of access to land and other resources 73 matusek also argues that 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