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journalism class although she won the case her status as a real journalist was called into question even with the victory the court did not specifically address if protections and privacy extended to student journalists but because of the nature of her intent and the project she could not be coerced to releasing the footage 90 the case helped help further battles in student journalism and press freedoms at an educational level citation needed electronics communications and privacy act edit the electronic communications privacy act passed in 1986 and protects bank transactions telephone digits and other information the act also encompasses what organizations must provide to law enforcement with a subpoena such as name address durations of services used type of device used and source of payment this is known as required disclosure policies it later included provisions to prohibit access to stored electronic devices 91 edward snowden edit former cia employee edward snowden further impacted the relationship between journalism sources and privacy snowden s actions as a whistleblower at the national security agency drew attention to the extent of us government surveillance operations 92 surveillance by network administrators may include being able to view how many times a journalist or source visits a website per day the information they are reading or viewing and online applications they utilize mexico edit in mexico it is reported that the government there has spent 300 million during one year to surveil and gather information from the population with specific interest in journalists to get access to their texts phone calls and emails 93 canada edit under canadian law journalists cannot be compelled to identify or disclose information likely to identify a journalistic source unless a court of competent jurisdiction finds there is no other reasonable way to obtain the information in question and that the public interest of administrating justice in the case outweighs the public interest of source protection 94 in 2019 the supreme court of canada overturned an order that would have required a journalist to disclose the source of her reporting on the sponsorship scandal former cabinet minister marc yvan côté had sought the order in a bid to have charges against him stayed arguing that officials from an anti corruption police unit had leaked information about the case to the press the case was remitted back to the court of quebec for further consideration of new facts 95 technology edit newsrooms rely on end to end encryption technologies to protect the confidentiality of their communications 93 however even these methods are not completely effective 1 more schools of journalism are also beginning to include data and source protection and privacy into their curriculum 92 technologies used to protect source privacy include securedrop 96 globaleaks 97 off the record messaging the tails operating system and tor 92 latin america and the caribbean edit banisar wrote there are important declarations from the organisation of american states oas few journalists are ever required to testify on the identity of their sources however direct demands for sources still occur regularly in many countries requiring journalists to seek legal recourse in courts there are also problems with searches of newsrooms and journalists homes surveillance and the use of national security laws in 1997 the hemisphere conference on free speech staged in mexico city adopted the chapultepec declaration principle 3 states no journalist may be forced to reveal his or her sources of information 98 building on the chapultepec declaration in 2000 the inter american commission on human rights iachr approved the declaration of principles on freedom of expression as a guidance document for interpreting article 13 of the inter american convention of human rights article 8 of the declaration states every social communicator has the right to keep his her source of information notes personal and professional archives confidential 99 there are developments with regards to the status of the above regional instruments since 2007 guatemala 2013 the then president otto pérez molina expressed interest in signing the declaration of chapultepec he later suspended the signing venezuela 2013 announced its withdrawal from the inter american commission on human rights iachr and the inter american court of human rights see also edit confidentiality senior administration official shield laws in the united states references edit this article incorporates text from a free content work licensed under cc by sa 3 0 igo license statement permission text taken from protecting journalism sources in the digital age 193 julie posetti unesco 1 2 liptak adam february 11 2012 a high tech war on leaks new york times retrieved february 14 2012 leaked records reveal offshore holdings of china s elite international consortium of investigative journalists 2014 01 21 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