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Text of the page (random words):
from a 1970s calculator characters edit main article seven segment display character representations segment names of a seven segment display with an eighth decimal point segment slanted red seven segment display with dot the seven segments are arranged as a rectangle with two vertical segments on each side and one horizontal segment each at the top middle and bottom often the rectangle is oblique slanted which may aid readability in most applications the segments are of nearly uniform shape and size usually elongated hexagons though trapezoids and rectangles can also be used though in the case of adding machines the vertical segments are longer and more oddly shaped at the ends to try to make them more easily readable the seven elements of the display can be lit in different combinations to represent each of the arabic numerals the individual segments are referred to by the letters a to g and an optional decimal point an eighth segment referred to as dp is sometimes used for the display of non integer numbers 19 17 a single byte can encode the full state of a seven segment display including the decimal point the most popular bit encodings are gfedcba and abcdefg in the gfedcba representation a byte value of 0x06 would turn on segments c and b which would display a 1 16 8 grid showing the 128 states of a seven segment display 20 decimal edit the numerical digits 0 to 9 are the most common characters displayed on seven segment displays the most common patterns used for each of these are 21 alternative patterns the numeral 1 may be represented with the left segments the numerals 6 and 9 may be represented without a tail and the numeral 7 represented with a tail 22 in unicode 13 0 10 codepoints had been given for segmented digits 0 9 in the symbols for legacy computing block to replicate early computer fonts that included seven segment versions of the digits 23 the official reference shows the less common four segment 7 hexadecimal edit the binary coded decimal bcd 0 to 9 digit values require four binary bits to hold their values since four bits 2 4 can hold 16 values this means hexadecimal hex digits can be represented by four bits too 24 due to the limited number of segments in seven segment displays the hexadecimal digits b and d are displayed as lowercase letters to avoid confusion with 8 and 0 respectively 25 26 27 28 the digit 6 must also be displayed with the topmost segment as to avoid ambiguity with the letter b early decoder ics often produced unintuitive patterns or duplicates of digits for 10 15 29 as they were designed to use as few gates as possible and only required to produce 0 9 letters edit many letters of the latin alphabet can be reasonably implemented on a seven segment display though not every letter is available it is possible to create many useful words by careful choice of words one can sometimes work around unavailable letters uppercase letters b i s z and d o conflict with the common seven segment representation of digits 8 1 5 2 and 0 respectively and the lowercase letter g with digit 9 upper case i could be put on the left as lower case l is shown here but this is not often done lowercase b and q are identical to the alternate numerical digits 6 and 9 latin alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z upper lower greek alphabet α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ υ φ χ ψ ω upper lower the following are some english word examples seen on actual electronic equipment first line appeared on some cd players eight segment display edit eight segment display of the sharp el 8 an eight segment display is a type of display based on eight segments that can be turned on or off according to the font pattern to be produced applications edit one application was in the sharp el 8 an early electronic calculator the eight segment display produces more rounded digits than a seven segment display yielding a more script like output with the trade off that fewer possible alphabetic characters can be displayed because the bars f and g are merged see table below displaying edit an eight segment display can sometimes display alphabetic characters with less readability because the segments f and g are combined and the corners are rounded the asymmetrical layout of the elements produced a distinctive handwritten digit style with a half height 0 characters able to be displayed by a seven segment display but unable to be displayed by an eight segment display due to graphical confusion script characters latin c c d g l n n 0 o r u z ə greek γ ζ ν ξ ο ο π π cyrillic г г д п п э others 0 characters what they display as on an eight segment display c e c l r г t d u ɐ g 6 n ν λ π п a n π п h o ο b z ζ e 0 o ə ο д 8 γ г f ξ c̠ э 9 μ p examples edit sharp el 8 with eight segment displays eight segment display displaying an 8 eight segment display displaying a d nine segment display edit nine segment display alternate alternate alternate an example of a nine segment alphanumeric character set some letters are compromised and most special characters other than the ones shown here are unable to be rendered without significant compromises that would make them illegible more variations a nine segment display is a type of display based on nine segments that can be turned on or off according to the graphic pattern to be produced it is an extension of the more common seven segment display having an additional two diagonal or vertical segments one between the top and the middle and the other between the bottom and the horizontal segments it provides an efficient method of displaying alphanumeric characters the letters displayed by a nine segment display are not consistently uppercase or lowercase in shape a common compromise is to use a lower case n instead of n depending on the design of the display segments the use of the extra two segments may be avoided whenever possible as in the nixxo x page tall lowercase r and y uses edit soviet postcodes upper image preprinted at the bottom left corner of an envelope are six nine segment grids to be filled with the six digits of the postal code bottom image samples of each digit in the grid format in some soviet digital calculators of the 1970s such as the elektronika 4 71b 9 segment displays were used to provide basic alphanumerics and avoid confusions with representing numbers in soviet postcodes digit 3 letter з ze different segments for similar glyphs the extra two bars were slanted forward allowing for an appropriate looking и and to differentiate the numeral 3 from the letter з the sharp compet calculator also uses a 9 segment display allowing a small range of characters and symbols to be used nine segment displays are used in many timex digital watches and some pagers such as the nixxo xpage 30 the arch br502 pager 31 and the scope geo n8t 32 they are also used in some epson stylus printers and newport iseries digital meters 33 the display used in the iseries is unique in that it has a vertical extra segment at top and a fully backwards leaning slant for the extra segment at bottom this allows for a somewhat more natural appearing r and m pinball tables produced by bally from 1986 to 1989 used nine segment scoring displays 34 a nine segment display has been developed for displaying bengali 35 and roman numerals citation needed nine segment vacuum fluorescent display postal code nine segment sample on an envelope postcard from latvia just before its independence fourteen segment display edit the individual segments of a fourteen segment display a fourteen segment display fsd also known as a starburst display or union jack display 36 37 is a type of display based on 14 segments that can be turned on or off to produce letters and numerals it is an expansion of the more common seven segment display having an additional four diagonal and two vertical segments with the middle horizontal segment broken in half a seven segment display suffices for numerals and certain letters but unambiguously rendering the iso basic latin alphabet requires more detail 38 a slight variation is the sixteen segment display which allows additional legibility in displaying letters or other symbols a decimal point or comma may be present as an additional segment or pair of segments the comma used for triple digit groupings or as a decimal separator in many regions is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely attached leftwards descending arc shaped segment electronic alphanumeric displays may use leds lcds or vacuum fluorescent display devices the led variant is typically manufactured in single or dual character packages allowing the system designer to choose the number of characters suiting the application often a character generator is used to translate 7 bit ascii character codes to the 14 bits that indicate which of the 14 segments to turn on or off 39 character encoding edit arabic numerals on a 14 segment display by lighting different elements different characters can be displayed in a 14 segment display there is also an optional 15th segment which is a decimal point denoted as dp decimal edit hexadecimal encoding of decimal numbers for 14 segment display digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 hex code 0xc3f 0x406 0xdb 0x8f 0xe6 0xed 0xfd 0x1401 0xff 0xe7 latin alphabet edit latin letters on a 14 segment display a 14 segment display is mostly used to display text because the 14 elements allow all latin letters to be displayed both in upper case and lower case with a few exceptions like s citation needed hexadecimal encoding of latin alphabet for 14 segment display alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n hex code 0xf7 0x128f 0x39 0x120f 0xf9 0xf1 0xbd 0xf6 0x1209 0x1e 0x2470 0x38 0x536 0x2136 alphabet o p q r s t u v w x y z hex code 0x3f 0xf3 0x203f 0x20f3 0x18d 0x1201 0x3e 0xc30 0x2836 0x2d00 0x1500 0xc09 applications edit most of the ascii characters the double quote is missing on a 14 segment display multiple segment display devices use fewer elements than a full dot matrix display and may produce a better character appearance where the segments are shaped appropriately this can reduce power consumption and the number of driver components fourteen segment gas plasma displays were used in pinball machines from 1986 through 1991 with an additional comma and period part making for a total of 16 segments fourteen and sixteen segment displays were used to produce alphanumeric characters on calculators and other embedded systems applications today include displays fitted to telephone caller id units gymnasium equipment vcrs car stereos microwave ovens slot machines and dvd players such displays were very common on pinball machines for displaying the score and other information before the widespread use of dot matrix display panels incandescent lamp edit multiple segment alphanumeric displays are nearly as old as the use of electricity a 1908 textbook 40 describes an alphanumeric display system using incandescent lamps and a mechanical switching arrangement each of 21 lamps was connected to a switch operated by a set of slotted bars installed in a rotating drum this commutator assembly could be arranged so that as the drum was rotated different sets of switches were closed and different letters and figures could be displayed the scheme would have been used for talking signs to spell out messages but a complete set of commutator switches drums and lamps would have been required for each letter of a message making the resulting sign quite expensive cold cathode neon edit a few different versions of the fourteen segment display exist as cold cathode neon lamps for example one type made by burroughs corporation was called panaplex instead of using a filament as the incandescent versions do these use a cathode charged to a 180 v potential which causes the electrified segment to glow a bright orange color 41 examples edit a four character 14 segment clock display note unbroken top and bottom segments in comparison with a sixteen segment display fourteen segment characters on hewlett packard s hp 41 range of programmable engineering calculators from the late 1970s 14 segment characters on the hewlett packard hp3478a multimeter fourteen segment characters on an after market car stereo lcd an inverted backlit fourteen segment lcd used in a sony mhc ec55 mini hi fi component system sixteen segment display edit the individual segments of a sixteen segment display arabic numerals letters of the iso basic latin alphabet and punctuation on a typical 16 segment display a sixteen segment display sisd is a type of display based on sixteen segments that can be turned on or off to produce a graphic pattern it is an extension of the more common seven segment display adding four diagonal and two vertical segments and splitting the three horizontal segments in half other variants include the fourteen segment display which does not split the top or bottom horizontal segments and the twenty two segment display 42 that allows lower case characters with descenders often a character generator is used to translate 7 bit ascii character codes to the 16 bits that indicate which of the 16 segments to turn on or off 43 applications edit sixteen segment displays were originally designed to display alphanumeric characters latin letters and arabic digits later they were used to display thai numerals 44 and persian characters 45 non electronic displays using this pattern existed as early as 1902 46 before the advent of inexpensive dot matrix displays sixteen and fourteen segment displays were used to produce alphanumeric characters on calculators and other embedded systems later they were used on videocassette recorders vcr dvd players microwave ovens car stereos telephone caller id displays and slot machines sixteen segment displays may be based on one of several technologies the three most common optoelectronics types being led lcd and vfd the led variant is typically manufactured in single or dual character packages to be combined as needed into text line displays of a suitable length for the application in question they can also be stacked to build multiline displays as with seven and fourteen segment displays a decimal point and or comma may be present as an additional segment or pair of segments the comma used for triple digit groupings or as a decimal separator in many regions is commonly formed by combining the decimal point with a closely attached leftwards descending arc shaped segment this way a point or comma may be displayed between character positions instead of occupying a whole position by itself which would be the case if employing the bottom middle vertical segment as a point and the bottom left diagonal segment as a comma such displays were very common on pinball machines for displaying the score and other information before the widespread use of dot matrix display panels examples edit a sixteen segment display on a beatmania iidx arcade machine an eighteen segment vacuum fluorescent display two extra s...
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