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article vagina the vagina is a fibromuscular made up of fibrous and muscular tissue canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus it is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy during sexual intercourse semen containing spermatozoa is ejaculated from the penis into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell ovum cervix edit main article cervix the cervix is the neck of the uterus the lower narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina it is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall approximately half its length is visible the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view the vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening through which the fetus emerges during delivery uterus edit main article uterus the uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ the uterus provides mechanical protection nutritional support and waste removal for the developing embryo weeks 1 to 8 and fetus from week 9 until the delivery in addition contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth the uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement the uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly the round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus the cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus the uterus is a pear shaped muscular organ its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose the fertilized ovum becomes an embryo develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth if the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus the female begins menstruation 5 fallopian tubes edit main article fallopian tube the fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus on maturity of an ovum the follicle and the ovary s wall rupture allowing the ovum to escape and enter the fallopian tube there it travels toward the uterus pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes this trip takes hours or days if the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus which signals the beginning of pregnancy 6 ovaries edit main article ovary the ovaries are small paired gonads located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity these organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells ova and the secretion of hormones the process by which the egg cell ovum is released is called ovulation the speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts the length of a menstrual cycle after ovulation the egg cell travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus if fertilization is going to occur it often happens in the fallopian tube the fertilized egg can then implant in the uterus s lining 7 8 during fertilization the egg cell plays a role it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm s surface the egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can begin 9 vestibular glands edit main articles bartholin s gland and skene s gland the vestibular glands also known as the female accessory glands are the bartholin s glands which produce a mucous fluid for vaginal lubrication and the skene s glands for the ejaculation of fluid as well as for lubricating the meatus function edit the female reproductive system functions to produce offspring in the absence of fertilization the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation the reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy intrauterine insemination and transluminal sterilization oocytes residing in the primordial follicle of the ovary are in a non growing prophase arrested state but are capable of highly efficient homologous recombinational repair of dna damages including double strand breaks 10 this capability allows genome integrity to be maintained and offspring health to be protected 10 development edit main article development of the reproductive system chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception this is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited since the mother s egg contains an x chromosome and the father s sperm contains either an x or y chromosome it is the male who determines the fetus sex if the fetus inherits the x chromosome from the father the fetus will be a female in this case testosterone is not made and the wolffian duct will degrade thus the müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs the clitoris is the remnants of the wolffian duct on the other hand if the fetus inherits the y chromosome from the father the fetus will be a male the presence of testosterone will stimulate the wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the müllerian duct will degrade 11 clinical significance edit further information vulva disease vaginitis edit vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection it is the most common gynaecological condition presented 12 it is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age sexual activity and method of microbial identification vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge which can have a certain color odor or quality 13 bacterial vaginosis edit main article bacterial vaginosis this is a vaginal infection in women it differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial consisting of many bacteria species the diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present 1 homogenous thin discharge 2 a ph of 4 5 in the vagina 3 epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them or 4 a fishy odor it has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis 13 yeast infection edit main article vaginal yeast infection this is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the centers for disease control and prevention at least 75 of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as candida yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the ph in the vagina which is usually acidic other factors such as pregnancy diabetes weakened immune systems tight fitting clothing or douching can also be a cause symptoms of yeast infections include itching burning irritation and a white cottage cheese like discharge from the vagina women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus 13 genital mutilation edit main article female genital mutilation there are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures the most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the clitoral prepuce they can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding irreparable tissue damage and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal genital surgery edit main article genitoplasty genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment there are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals birth control edit main article birth control there are many types of birth control available to females birth control can be hormonal or physical in nature oral contraception can assist with management of various medical conditions such as menorrhagia 14 however oral contraceptives can have a variety of side effects including depression 15 reproductive rights edit main article reproductive rights the international federation of gynaecology and obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care as of 2010 there were 124 countries involved reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health violation of these rights include forced pregnancy forced sterilization forced abortion and genital mutilation female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female s external genitals history edit it is claimed in the hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception otherwise children would not resemble either or both of their parents four hundred years later galen identified the source of female semen as the ovaries in female reproductive organs 16 the evolutionary history of the female reproductive system remains poorly understood because it has been less studied than the male reproductive system 17 18 19 see also edit conception development of the reproductive system evolution of sexual reproduction female infertility oogenesis human sexuality female anatomy and reproductive system orgasm females references edit scoullar michelle j l boeuf philippe peach elizabeth 2021 mycoplasma genitalium and other reproductive tract infections in pregnant women papua new guinea 2015 2017 volume 27 number 3 march 2021 emerging infectious diseases journal cdc emerging infectious diseases 27 3 894 904 doi 10 3201 eid2703 201783 pmc 7920647 pmid 33622474 archived from the original on 9 october 2022 retrieved 9 october 2022 gynecology what you need to know about your baby parts www universityobgynassoc com 23 april 2021 retrieved 2025 08 31 ellis harold mahadevan vishy 2013 clinical anatomy applied anatomy for students and junior doctors 13th ed chichester west sussex uk wiley blackwell isbn 978 1 118 37376 7 female reproductive system structure function cleveland clinic retrieved 2023 12 19 genital tract training seer cancer gov retrieved 2023 12 19 fallopian tubes location anatomy function conditions cleveland clinic retrieved 2023 12 19 female reproductive system structure function cleveland clinic retrieved 2023 12 19 ovaries anatomy function hormones conditions cleveland clinic retrieved 2023 12 19 alberts bruce johnson alexander lewis julian raff martin roberts keith walter peter 2002 fertilization molecular biology of the cell 4th edition garland science retrieved 2023 12 19 1 2 stringer jm winship a zerafa n wakefield m hutt k may 2020 oocytes can efficiently repair dna double strand breaks to restore genetic integrity and protect offspring health proc natl acad sci u s a 117 21 11513 11522 bibcode 2020pnas 11711513s doi 10 1073 pnas 2001124117 pmc 7260990 pmid 32381741 details of genital development archived from the original on february 25 2020 retrieved august 6 2010 egan me lipsky ms 2000 diagnosis of vaginitis american family physician 62 5 1095 104 pmid 10997533 archived from the original on 6 june 2011 retrieved 7 july 2020 1 2 3 zaino richard j robboy stanley j bentley rex kurman robert j 2011 diseases of the vagina blaustein s pathology of the female genital tract pp 105 154 doi 10 1007 978 1 4419 0489 8_3 isbn 978 1 4419 0488 1 iyer v farquhar c jepson r 2000 iyer vadeihi ed oral contraceptive pills for heavy menstrual bleeding cochrane database syst rev 2 cd000154 doi 10 1002 14651858 cd000154 pmid 10796696 de wit ae booij sh giltay ej joffe h schoevers ra oldehinkel aj 2020 association of use of oral contraceptives with depressive symptoms among adolescents and young women jama psychiatry 77 1 52 59 doi 10 1001 jamapsychiatry 2019 2838 pmc 6777223 pmid 31577333 anwar etin the transmission of generative self and women s contribution to conception gender and self in islam london routledge 2006 75 print brennan patricia l r september 2022 evolution and morphology of genitalia in female amniotes integrative and comparative biology 62 3 521 532 doi 10 1093 icb icac115 retrieved may 17 2026 cooper d may 7 2014 female genitalia shunned by researchers abc online archived from the original on january 11 2019 retrieved june 6 2018 yong e may 6 2014 where s all the animal vagina research national geographic society archived from the original on july 7 2018 retrieved june 6 2018 external links edit wikimedia commons has media related to human female reproductive system the wikibook human physiology has a page on the topic of the female reproductive system female reproductive system archived 2019 05 27 at the wayback machine interactive diagram of female reproductive system v t e women s health reproductive health reproductive tract external female genitalia vulva clitoris clitoral hood labia minora labia majora vagina cervix uterus fallopian tube ovary reproductive system disease maternal health pregnancy unintended pregnancy gravidity and parity obstetrics antenatal care adolescent pregnancy complications of pregnancy hyperemesis gravidarum ectopic pregnancy miscarriage obstetrical bleeding gestational diabetes hypertension preeclampsia eclampsia childbirth midwifery preterm birth multiple births oxytocin obstructed labor cesarian section retained placenta obstetrical fistulae vesicovaginal fistula rectovaginal fistula episiotomy husband stitch postpartum care postpartum confinement maternal deaths perinatal mortality stillbirths abortion mother to child transmission sterilization compulsory sterilization breastfeeding and mental health reproductive life plan infertility childlessness assisted reproductive technology in vitro fertilization parenting adoption fostering contraception and family planning intrauterine devices oral contraceptives condoms male contraceptive contraceptive prevalence contraceptive security planned parenthood fertility awareness menstruation culture and menstruation feminine hygiene menarche menstrual cycle menstrual aids cloth menstrual pad menstrual cup tampon sanitary pad dysmenorrhea menorrhagia amenorrhoea menopause hormone replacement therapy sexual health sexually transmitted infections safe sex hiv human papilloma virus hpv vaccine pelvic inflammatory disease female genital mutilation clitoridectomy infibulation breast 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