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the cold war and the subsequent u s hegemony following the collapse of the soviet union and the gradual trend of deglobalization which has fostered regionalized geopolitical and geoeconomic relationships wherein middle powers have comparatively greater influence for example the fragmenting of the international energy market has purportedly given saudi arabia a major energy exporter far more weight in now smaller regional markets kupchan also notes the ability of these middle powers to capitalize on rivalries between the major powers in order to further their own influence interests or foreign policy initiatives 14 overlaps between great powers and middle powers edit the overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities 15 nations including china france russia the united kingdom and the united states are generally considered to be great powers due to their economic military or strategic importance their status as recognized nuclear powers and their permanent seats on the united nations security council academics also commonly cite germany india and japan as great powers due to their large advanced economies and global influence rather than military and strategic capabilities 16 yet some sources have at times referred to these nations as middle powers 17 18 some in the field of international relations such as john kirton and roberto gimeno claim that italy is a great power due to its status and membership in the g7 and nato quint 19 20 moreover according to a 2014 report by the hague centre for strategic studies hcss italy is listed among the great powers 21 although broad academic support for india as a great power is uncommon some in the field of political science such as malik mohan and dr zbigniew brzezinski consider india to be a great power as well 22 23 likewise brazil is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence 24 25 with italy at times being considered a great power due to these factors as well as its cultural power the following eight countries have at some point in the post cold war era been considered great powers but also middle powers by academics or other experts brazil 26 27 28 29 france 17 30 germany 31 32 30 india 33 34 35 36 37 30 italy 38 39 40 japan 41 34 42 30 russia 43 44 united kingdom 17 45 30 the united states 46 47 and china 48 49 50 51 52 are considered by many scholars to exceed the traditional criterion of great power and are labelled as superpowers and are therefore not listed 53 54 55 56 list of middle powers edit as with the great powers there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries e g argentina alongside relatively small ones e g norway 57 clearly not all middle powers are of equal status some are considered regional powers and members of the g20 e g australia while others could very easily be considered small powers e g the czech republic 58 some larger middle powers also play important roles in the united nations and other international organisations such as the wto as a middle power canada has had considerable influence in world affairs through its peacekeeping efforts in the late 20th century 59 canada is known for its strong commitment to international peace and security and is often called upon to serve as a mediator in conflicts 59 60 the following is a list of 53 countries that have been at some point in time since the post cold war era considered middle powers by academics or other experts members of the g 20 major economies are in bold font except for the eu member states and au member states which are attended under a collective membership of the eu and au respectively africa 7 countries algeria 61 62 63 64 egypt 61 65 66 67 ethiopia 68 69 70 kenya 71 morocco 64 nigeria 65 72 73 south africa 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 americas 6 countries argentina 61 62 63 canada 81 82 83 84 chile 85 86 87 88 89 colombia 90 91 mexico 63 65 92 93 94 peru 95 96 asia 20 countries bangladesh 95 97 indonesia 98 99 80 iran 100 101 102 103 iraq 95 israel 104 105 106 kazakhstan 95 107 108 kuwait 95 malaysia 109 66 99 72 110 80 north korea 111 pakistan 112 113 philippines 114 115 qatar 116 117 saudi arabia 104 118 119 singapore 120 121 122 123 south korea 124 34 125 126 127 128 80 taiwan 129 115 130 thailand 131 115 80 turkey 65 132 80 united arab emirates 133 134 vietnam 135 95 136 europe 18 countries austria 95 63 137 80 138 belgium 57 85 139 138 bulgaria 140 141 czech republic 58 95 142 denmark 82 143 finland 121 95 140 greece 144 hungary 145 ireland 146 147 148 149 150 netherlands 82 143 norway 82 143 poland 93 151 152 portugal 95 153 romania 95 63 140 138 141 154 spain 153 sweden 104 143 155 switzerland 156 ukraine 141 151 oceania 2 countries australia 157 34 81 104 158 80 new zealand 159 6 see also edit politics portal emerging market emerging power jacksnnz mint power international relations uniting for consensus 2026 mark carney speech at the world economic forum references edit 1 2 jordaan eduard 2003 the concept of a middle power in international relations distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers politikon 30 1 165 181 doi 10 1080 0258934032000147282 issn 0258 9346 laurence marion 18 october 2023 middle powers oxford research encyclopedia of international studies oxford university press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780190846626 013 783 isbn 978 0 19 084662 6 abbondanza gabriele 2020 middle powers and great powers through history the concept from ancient times to the present day history of political thought 41 3 397 418 rudd k 2006 making australia a force for good labor eherald archived 27 june 2007 at the wayback machine hamill james lee donna april 2001 a middle power paradox south african diplomacy in the post apartheid era international relations 15 4 33 59 doi 10 1177 004711701015004004 issn 0047 1178 s2cid 144967878 1 2 middle powers initiative 2004 building bridges what middle power countries should do to strengthen the npt pdf global security institute archived from the original pdf on 14 june 2007 bishai ls 2000 from recognition to intervention the shift from traditional to liberal international law archived 28 february 2002 at the wayback machine fox annette baker the politics of attraction four middle powers and the united states columbia university press 1977 1 2 yoshihide soeya middle power diplomacy retrieved 18 may 2007 dead link siniver asaf tsourapas gerasimos 2023 middle powers and soft power rivalry egyptian israeli competition in africa foreign policy analysis 19 2 orac041 doi 10 1093 fpa orac041 issn 1743 8586 patrick james mark j kasoff 2008 canadian studies in the new millennium university of toronto press p 265 isbn 978 0 8020 9468 1 retrieved 24 february 2016 h h herstien l j hughes r c kirbyson challenge survival the history of canada scarborough 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utoronto ca why are pivot states so pivotal archived from the original on 11 february 2016 retrieved 24 february 2016 strategic vision america the crisis of global power by dr zbigniew brzezinski pp 43 45 published 2012 malik mohan 2011 china and india great power rivals united states firstforumpress isbn 978 1935049418 kwang ho chun 2013 the brics superpower challenge foreign and security policy analysis ashgate isbn 978 1 4094 6869 1 retrieved 21 september 2015 heine j 2006 on the manner of practising the new diplomacy isn archived 7 october 2007 at the wayback machine especialistas reclamam reconhecimento do brasil como potência mundial ibs news 15 june 2011 retrieved 7 april 2017 pela primeira vez brasil emerge como potência internacional diz patriota 10 may 2012 archived from the original on 7 june 2012 retrieved 7 april 2017 brazil emerging soft power of the world allafrica com 15 september 2011 retrieved 7 april 2017 brasil ganha dos estados unidos em influência na américa do sul the economist 2 september 2011 archived from the original on 20 august 2019 retrieved 7 april 2017 1 2 3 4 5 éric andré martin and marie krpata october 2021 the dilemma of middle powers how aukus has reshaped the potential for e3 cooperation in the indo pacific pdf vol 166 ifri notes du cerfa p 20 isbn 979 10 373 0432 2 archived from the original pdf on 17 february 2024 retrieved 8 january 2022 countries such as canada australia south korea japan india and european powers like the uk germany and france can be considered as middle powers otte m greve j 2000 a rising middle power german foreign policy in transformation 1989 1999 st martin s press sperling james 2001 neither hegemony nor dominance reconsidering german power in post cold war europe british journal of political science 31 2 389 425 doi 10 1017 s0007123401000151 asia power index 2021 edition india power lowyinstitute org retrieved 18 december 2021 the next tier of regional powers japan and india have each lost more ground in 2021 than did china both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021 one result of greater bipolarity is that us allies such as japan and australia and even key balancing powers such as india have never been more dependent on american capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region 1 2 3 4 tobias harris japan accepts its middle power fate far eastern economic review vol 171 no 6 2008 p 45 japan is settling into a position as a middle power in asia sitting uneasily between the u s its security ally and china its most important economic partner in this it finds itself in a situation similar to australia india south korea and the members of asean charalampos efstathopoulosa reinterpreting india s rise through the middle power prism asian journal of political science vol 19 issue 1 2011 p 75 india s role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept the concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of india s globalist agency shifting the analytical focus beyond material statistical calculations to theorise behavioural normative and ideational parameters robert w bradnock india s foreign policy since 1971 the royal institute for international affairs london pinter publishers 1990 quoted in leonard stone india and the central eurasian space journal of third world studies vol 24 no 2 2007 p 183 the u s is a superpower whereas india is a middle power a superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both but the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind the former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former jan cartwright india s regional and international support for democracy rhetoric or reality asian survey vol 49 no 3 may june 2009 p 424 india s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising middle power a middle power is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally in addition to india other middle powers include for example australia and canada operation alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which italy has acted as a regional power taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy see federiga bindi italy and the european union washington d c brookings institution press 2011 p 171 italy plays a prominent role in european and global military cultural and diplomatic affairs the country s european political social and economic influence make it a major regional power see italy justice system and national police handbook vol 1 washington d c international business publications 2009 p 9 marco siddi october 2018 italy s middle power approach to russia the international spectator italian journal of international affairs 54 2 123 138 doi 10 1080 03932729 2018 1519765 issn 0393 2729 s2cid 158301312 the definition of middle power is contested and has been the subject of controversy among scholars according to the italian interpretation of this concept italy is a middle ranking power with limited natural and military resources and one that can only achieve its foreign policy goals by expanding its influence in international organisations and through bilateral relations with larger powers asia power index 2021 edition japan power lowyinstitute org retrieved 18 december 2021 the next tier of regional powers japan and india have each lost more ground in 2021 than did china both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021 one result of greater bipolarity is that us allies such as japan and australia and even key balancing powers such as india have never been more dependent on american capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region robert w cox middlepowermanship japan and future world order international journal vol 44 no 4 1989 pp 823 862 asia power index 2021 edition russia power lowyinstitute org retrieved 18 december 2021 neumann iver b 2008 russia as a great power 1815 2007 journal of international relations and development 11 2 128 151 p 128 doi 10 1057 jird 2008 7 as long as russia s rationality of government deviates from present day hegemonic neo liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance the west will not recognize russia as a fully fledged great power chalmers malcolm may 2015 a force for order strategic underpinnings of the next nss and sdsr royal united services institute briefing paper sdsr 2015 hard choices ahead 2 while no longer a superpower a position it lost in the 1940s the uk remains much more than a middle power from colony to superpower u s foreign relations since 1776 published 2008 by professor george c herring professor...
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