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ta those commands which could be entered only from a terminal began with because they could be performed without stopping other work in progress from the same terminal they were called transparent commands at first these were just statements to kill the current program or redirect terminal output to a file but eventually almost all control statements were allowed to be immediate both batch and demand runs terminate with an fin statement and if a demand user terminates his session while his run is active the exec automatically terminates the run without requiring fin communications software edit a transaction processing capability was developed in the late 1960s as a joint project with united airlines and later refined in another joint project with air canada this capability was fully integrated into the operating system in 1972 and became the basis of much of the future growth of the 1100 series early users controlled communication lines directly from within their real time programs part of the development of transaction processing included a communication message system that managed the communication lines and presented messages to exec 8 to be scheduled as transactions this moved all the low level communication physical line management and protocols out of the applications and into the cms 1100 application cms 1100 itself ran as a real time multi threaded program with the privilege of acquiring control of communication lines and submitting transaction messages for scheduling this led to the notions in exec 8 that applications of any nature needed to be carefully controlled to ensure that they could not cause integrity issues security was certainly a concern but in the early days system reliability and integrity were much larger issues the system was still primarily batch and transaction processing and there was little chance that anyone could install unauthorized code on the system cms 1100 later added the capability to be the interface for demand terminals as well as transaction terminals so that terminals could be used for both and the early terminal drivers could be removed from the exec cms 1100 was later replaced by a combination of cpcomm clearpath enterprise servers communications platform and silas system interface for legacy application systems 8 9 for the intel based dorado server models the lower level communications were moved to firmware with the upper levels handled by silas and cpcommos clearpath enterprise servers communications platform for open systems 10 the exec edit the exec contains all the code in the system that is allowed to run at the highest privilege levels there are no mechanisms for other code to be promoted to those privilege levels the exec is responsible for managing the system hardware scheduling and managing work and communicating with operators and administrators in release 16 0 the exec is level 49r2 49 70 5 the internal system levels use a three part number such as 21 92 42 which was the first widely used production system although earlier releases were used in production at a number of sites the first number part is the major level and indicates a new version of the exec with all previous updates integrated into a new base version this is an infrequent process and occurs at intervals of years the second number part indicates versions of updates to the major level and often occurs several times per week when a decision is made to freeze the feature content and prepare for release the third part comes into play and indicates versions of the pre release level as fixes and minor feature updates are applied concurrently with preparing a level for release updates to the mainline continue as engineers integrate changes in preparation for a future release for many years the official release level was the full three part number later releases were named simply 44r1 44r2 49r2 and so on although the three part number is still used internally performing work edit the exec is at heart a real time multi threaded batch processing system everything has been built around that model the exec itself is largely structured as a real time program functions that are performed as services in windows or daemons in unix like systems are implemented as either activities within the exec or as batch programs that are always running in the background time sharing known as demand mode and transaction processing are implemented as special cases of batch one result is that there are few restrictions on what a time sharing user or transaction program can do there are many warnings for writers of transaction programs that they will not be happy with performance if for example they call for a tape mount but it is permitted the largest unit of work is the run this is taken from the factory production run terminology and generally equates to job or session on other systems a run is defined by its run stream a run stream is a sequence of control statements that represent the steps to be taken they may include file handling program execution and branches of control a batch run is typically stored as a file and is scheduled by a start command from within another run or by the operator a time sharing run is initiated by logging in from a time sharing terminal and inputting the run command often the run statement and the second control statement often add or a program execution are generated automatically based on the user profile security authorizations are validated based on the authenticated user id and other information supplied on the run control statement transactions are a special case there aren t actually any control statements but the internal data structures of a run are created this enables the exec to associate the same security accounting debugging etc mechanisms with transaction programs generally a security profile is cached in memory at the time the transaction user is authenticated and is copied from the user s session data to the transaction run state when the transaction is scheduled because each transaction instance is essentially a run accounting logging and error handling are all encapsulated by the run mechanism batch edit batch jobs runs are characterized by having a runstream job control language statements stored in a file a batch job always contains an run statement as the first record in the file this statement gives the run a name runid defines priorities and defines the maximum number of sups standard units of processing the job is expected to use the job is started from some other job with a start control statement or by the operator via an st keyin the system may be configured to automatically issue start statements for any number of jobs when it boots these jobs serve the purpose of performing initialization recovery and background functions all of the fields on the run statement may be overridden by corresponding fields on the start statement except when the start is executed by a privileged user the userid and other security state are always taken from the run doing the start there are two priority fields on the run statement one is used to specify the backlog priority there are 26 backlog priority levels a z the exec has a configured maximum number of open batch runs when that level is reached jobs are then selected from the backlog queues in priority order within a priority selection is usually fifo however the exec pre scans the job control statements up to the first program execution looking for file names and reel numbers if the job would immediately stall because some resources it needs are not available it may be bypassed to start other jobs at the same priority level the second priority level defines an execution processor resource group in general higher execution group priorities typically get more processor time while the os 2200 job control language does not support full programmability it does allow dynamic additions of sequences of control language through an add control statement the file to be added may have been created by the same job immediately preceding adding it the add and most other control statements may also be submitted from within a running program via an api 11 additional programmability is available indirectly through the use of the symbolic stream generator ssg 12 ssg is a programming language for manipulating and creating text files from input parameters and system information it is used heavily for configuration management make processing and other functions where text images need to be created programmatically the resulting output can be add ed in the same run thus providing the indirectly programmable runstream ssg was originally created by univac for the creation of operating system os updates it was later adopted by the general user community for the creation of complex batch and real time computer processes the sources could recursively reference additional sources providing wide flexibility in input parsing the rules for output creation were also in source files with similar levels of dynamic input capability interpretation of the multiple input sources allowed for dynamic creation of output stream content complex recursive processes could be applied to create program source code job execution sequences simulated dynamic input from virtual consoles and in general provide scripting capabilities reminiscent of the unix grep and yacc tools operator commands are available to change both the backlog and execution priorities of runs as all operator commands are available by api to suitably privileged users this can be automated or controlled by a remote administrator deadline is a special case of batch a deadline run looks just like any other batch run except that a deadline time is specified on the run or start control statement the deadline time is used in conjunction with the maximum sups time estimate on the control statement a deadline job runs at normal batch priorities unless or until it appears that it could miss its deadline time then the more the mismatch between time until the deadline and remaining sups the higher the priority while deadline can t totally shut off transactions and has no effect on real time it can effectively shut off most other processing in the system if necessary to achieve its goal demand edit os 2200 time sharing sessions are called demand from on demand runs they use the same control language as batch runs with a few additions known as immediate control statements immediate control statements use the sentinel which indicates that they are to be executed immediately even if a program is running while they can be used to create or assign files the most important ones allow a demand user to error terminate a running program or even send it a signal transactions edit transaction processing diagram transactions execute as runs but without any stored or submitted control statements instead when a message is received from a session defined as a transaction session it is scanned to determine the transaction queue on which it is to be placed this is normally determined by the first characters of the message but user written scanners may be added 13 the communication manager which is capable of handling up to 250 000 active sessions takes incoming transaction messages and passes them to the message queuing software it can handle an unlimited number of queued messages using the message queuing architecture a call is made to the transaction interface package tip apis in the operating system to queue the transaction on the appropriate queuing point each queuing point identifies the priority and concurrency level of the work and the associated transaction program to be executed transaction scheduling diagram a transaction program scheduling tree allows the client to establish relative usage for groups of transaction programs concurrency limits avoid one type of work dominating the system to the exclusion of other work and avoid creating an over commitment of resources up to 4094 nodes may be created in the tree maximum concurrency specified for each node in the tree concurrency of higher node limits total concurrency of dependent nodes concurrency of highest node limits system concurrency priority 0 to 63 and concurrency level 1 to 2047 can be specified for each transaction program the highest priority transaction is selected for scheduling except as limited by the concurrency policies in effect for its node and higher nodes real time edit real time is not another type of run rather it is a set of priority levels which any activity may request real time is most typically used by long running batch programs like the os 2200 communications manager cpcomm but is not restricted to such there are 36 real time priority levels available by api for applications to use the user and account must have the privilege to use real time priorities it is up to the site to control how their applications use the priority levels real time priorities totally dominate all lower priorities so it s quite possible for a misbehaved real time program to tie up one or more processors the real time priority applies to an individual activity thread so a program may have both real time and non real time threads executing at the same time cpu dispatch edit once a run has been started getting access to the processor controls its rate of progress the heart of the exec is the dispatcher which manages all the processors 14 dispatching priorities diagram the exec supports up to 4095 dispatching priorities although most sites define only a small subset of those the two highest priorities aren t switchable they are recognition of certain types of processing that must be allowed to continue on the processor on which they started until they voluntarily give up control interrupt lockout occurs when an interrupt arrives or in a few special cases when other exec code prevents all interrupts in order to change some data that an interrupt handler may also access interlock is used by interrupt post processing routines that either need to run on the same physical processor or simply should not be interrupted the dispatcher i o completions and i o initiation are some examples all locks used by both of these priorities are spin locks as the only way they can be set by someone else is on another processor and the design requires that they only be set for very short instruction sequences high exec priority is used by the operator command handler and some other functions that may have to run even when a real time program has control they are expected to use only very short amounts of time if they need more time they should queue the work to be processed by a low exec activity real time activities have an unlimited processor quantum and run without switching unless interrupted by a higher priority real time activity or high exec activity real time activities are given control of any available processor that is running something of lower priority interrupts are sent between proc...
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