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ardh, shoar, amir, kabir, قسمت, داخلی, شهرهایی, آنان, فرمانروای, آنجا, هستند, ارامنه, قطع, گردیده, کلی, تحت, حکومت, پادشاهان, اسلامی, شهرها, ارجیش, منازجرد, خلاط, حدود, بردعه, مغرب, جزیره, جنوب, شما, نواحی, روم, سمت, قالیقالا, محدود, mehdi, marashi, america, honor, ibex, 255, tajaddod, sina, 1967, الفهرست, فهلوی, نام, نهاده, شده, پنج, شهر, اصفهان, همدان, ماه, شهرهای, مداین, درباریان, پادشاه, گفتند, غالب, كلامی, موبدان, علما, مانند, ایشان, خوزی, زبانی, ملوك, اشراف, خلوت, مواضع, لعب, لذت, ندیمان, حاشیت, وگو, كنند, سریانی, سواد, رانند, اسحاق, فهرست, تجدد, سینا, 1346, com, accessed, 2007, فأما, الفهلویة, فمنسوب, اسم, یقع, على, خمسة, بلدان, أصفهان, وهمدان, وماه, وأذربیجان, الدریة, فلغة, مدن, المدائن, وبها, بباب, الملك, منسوبة, حاضرة, والغالب, علیها, والمشرق, الفارسیة, فتكلم, الموابدة, والعلماء, وأشباههم, الخوزیة, فبها, الملوك, والأشراف, الخلوة, ومواضع, اللعب, واللذة, ومع, الحاشیة, السریانیة, فكان, السواد, والمكاتبة, نوع, بالسریانی, 599, professor, ighrar, shaadman, yusuf, aturpatakan, 224, 1941, 158, 1890, 1946, singh, samiuddin, global, vision, house, 87746, encyclopaedic, historiography, 169, stilo, 1971, diss, michigan, grammar, application, transformational, computer, model, 496, dalby, andrew, columbia, 11568, 156, dictionary, definitive, reference, than, 400, 1998a, charles, 89500, 104, mediaeval, 1925, zabān, baqī, fārsī, qadīm, āḏarbāyjān, majalle, āyandeh, recovery, study, yāqūt, ḥamawī, muʿjam, describes, highland, unintelligible, cited, 1937, 1st, shah, ismail, bulletin, school, oriental, african, hekayat, safi, demonstrating, qūb, kitāb, 276, 2009, dialectology, discussion, continuity, antiquity, period, descends, medes, majales, chelebi, traveled, converse, mughayr, hamdollah, mostowfi, harzand, 20th, biri, burah, needed, hussain, karbali, regards, khwajah, abdur, azh, abaadi, ولی, ترجیع, پنجم, درنیایم, دستوری, بفرماید, گوید, باغم, زنبوری, خونت, عسل, گردد, مومت, شود, نوری, rumi, mouth, probably, mystical, woman, occurs, manuscript, preserved, turkey, concerning, shrines, saints, fourteen, 809, 1406, maghrebi, رُورُم, بجولان, کُو, بَمَن, خَد, شدیم, بدامش, هیزا, اَوُو, qet, 838, 1434, نَهَند, خُشتی, بَخُشتی, بَنا, کَه, دستِ, گیژی, پیغمبران, خُو, کِی, محمدمصطفی, titled, fahlavvviyat, 677, 1278, born, kojjan, korjan, village, near, rood, especially, larestani, killed, your, perish, اسکندر, رودم, کشتی, رودت, کشاد, roodam, koshti, roodat, koshaad, pir, zehtab, addressing, qara, qoyunlu, ruler, علیشاه, آمد, گستاخ, وار, کنار, گرفت, حاضر, باش, بصرف, بگو, حریفت, رسیده, گفتن, کتف, مبارک, غیرت, کرد, harif, zhaatah, بزبان, حریفر, ژاته, bazzaz, ardabili, safvat, safa, دَچَان, چوچرخ, نکویت, ایر, رهشه, مهر, دورش, چَو, کارده, شکویت, ولَول, ودَارد, سَر, یَوه, بقهر, اره, میر, دون, زون, هنرمند, پروکری, اَنزوتون, منی, هزیوه, اکیژ, بحتَ, ورامرو, هانزمَویتی, ژژور, منشی, بخت, اهون, قدریوه, استه, نبوتی, روزو, ورو, فوتی, واش, خللیوه, زمم, بورضی, ربوه, portion, brought, eye, neither, towards, pre, eternity, nor, createdness, چندانک, فرج, عالم, آورده, قِدَم, himself, انانک, قده, فرجشون, فعالم, آندره, اووارادا, چاشمش, قدم, کینستا, discovery, peculiar, compiled, expression, mystic, baba, face, pleasant, وهار, دیم, یار, اوی, یاران, وهاران, transliteration, wahar, wol, dim, yaar, khwash, awi, yaaraan, wul, wahaaraan, couplets, reads, بدیذم, مستت, رفتم, كوام, آذر, دلی, كویا, بتی, مست, رفت, دانم, روژی, مهرت, بشی, گیانم, زندگی, عبارت, لوانت, لاود, جمن, دیل, گیان, بست, دمی, عاشق, مهربان, كزی, مهرورزی, عشق, همام, جان, برآیذ, مواژش, بوان, بمرت, وارست, كرم, ابری, بشم, بوینی, بویت, خته, بام, ژاهنام, macaronic, mula, tabrizians, fortunate, wealthy, uncouth, clothes, fresh, grapes, ripped, fruit, basket, hamdullah, mustuwafi, extant, phrases, variety, bemoans, parsi, nightingale, flower, minstrel, her, heart, بلبل, سان, مطرب, بیدل, فراز, پارسی, نوازد, گاهی, زند, interesting, mentioning, fact, qatran, did, continued, breed, notably, particular, line, dynasties, officially, adopt, 875, thus, comes, refers, royal, poets, protagonists, patrons, flourished, saffarid, mongol, armies, tribes, increased, hand, 1340s, maraqa, mughayyar, mostowafi, raast, gushtaspi, covering, border, shirvan, zakariya, qazvini, report, athar, bilad, 1275, town, escaped, taken, over, beirut, 1960, 339, infer, aloof, yaqubi, mixture, ajams, ajam, developed, mean, javedanis, followers, shahrak, leader, succeeded, khorramdin, javidan, big, beards, attractive, arminya, armenian, ran, ranian, understandable, khurasanian, sound, albanian, arran, late, considers, ajamyya, convoluted, monqaleq, named, persians, borders, mahat, aran, bayleqan, ray, tabaristan, masqat, shabaran, jorjan, abarshahr, nishabur, herat, marv, places, land, sejistan, kerman, ahvaz, kingdom, sovereign, although, differed, slightly, however, letters, composition, then, different, khorasan, darband, 896, 956, hasan, husayn, areas, controlled, muslims, christians, farssya, binds, faressya
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ominance 4 5 6 language family indo european indo iranian iranian western northwestern adharic 7 8 old azeri writing system persian alphabet language codes iso 639 3 none mis glottolog adha1238 old azeri آذری āzarī also spelled adhari 9 azeri or azari is the extinct iranian language that was once spoken in the northwestern iranian historic region of azerbaijan iranian azerbaijan before the turkification of the azerbaijani people some linguists believe the southern tati varieties of iranian azerbaijan around takestan such as the harzandi and karingani dialects to be remnants of old azeri 10 11 12 along with tati dialects old azeri is known to have strong affinities with talysh and zaza languages and both zaza and talysh are considered to be remnants of old azeri 13 14 15 16 17 iranologist linguist w b henning demonstrated that harzandi has many common linguistic features with both talysh and zaza and positioned harzandi between the talysh and zaza 18 old azeri was the dominant iranic language in azerbaijan before it was replaced by azerbaijani which is a turkic language 12 19 linguistic affiliation edit modern northwestern iranian dialects adharic languages believed to be linguistically closely related to old azeri 20 glottolog classifies old adhari within the adharic subgroup of the northwestern iranian languages along with languages such tati of iran and its dialects such as harzandi kajali and kilit talysh zaza and gurani 21 northwest iranian adharic adhari old azeri tatic alamuti central tatic talysh northern tatic harzandi kilit southern tatic alviri vidari vafs ashtiani ramand karaj razajerdi takestani khalkhal kharaqani ramandi tarom zanjan gorani gurani shabaki bajelani zaza southern zaza northern zaza tunceli varto it shares many characteristics and common words and linguistic affinity with zaza and considered a transitional dialect between tati talysh and zaza 22 23 furthermore henning notes many common linguistic features with zaza as well based on the existence of two genuine plural cases in both languages the ablative postposition ri zaza rā the negative prefix in harzandi čini ya it is not zaza činyo činya and characteristic vocabulary 24 therefore zaza and talysh along with tati dialects have also been considered to be remnants of the old azeri language 25 16 19 modern azeri dialects exhibit certain distinct phonological developments that differentiate them from other northwestern iranian languages among the northwestern iranian languages only āzarī modern tati dialects talysh zaza and gurani display a clearly regular northern development for the consonant clusters rd and rz 26 initial studies edit ahmad kasravi a preeminent iranian azeri scholar and linguist was the first scholar who examined the iranian language of iran s historic azerbaijan region he conducted comprehensive research using arabic persian turkish and greek historical sources and concluded that old azeri was the language of this region of iran before it adopted the turkic language of the same name historical research showed that azeris were an iranic people before the arrival of seljuq turks to the region 27 historical affiliations edit a page from the travelogue of evliya çelebi the ottoman world traveler which deals with the spread of the azeri language among the women of maragheh city in the 10th century ah old azari was spoken in most of azerbaijan at least up to the 17th century with the number of speakers decreasing since the 11th century due to the turkification of the area according to some accounts it may have survived for several centuries after that up to the 16th or 17th century today iranian dialects are still spoken in several linguistic enclaves within azarbaijan while some scholars believe that these dialects form a direct continuation of the ancient azari languages 12 others have argued that they are likely to be a later import through migration from other parts of iran and that the original azari dialects became extinct 28 according to vladimir minorsky around the 9th or 10th century the original sedentary population of azarbayjan consisted of a mass of peasants and at the time of the arab conquest was compromised under the semi contemptuous term of uluj non arab somewhat similar to the raya ri aya of the ottoman empire the only arms of this peaceful rustic population were slings see tabari ii 1379 89 they spoke a number of dialects adhari talishi of which even now there remains some islets surviving amidst the turkish speaking population it was this basic population on which babak leaned in his revolt against the caliphate 29 clifford edmund bosworth says we need not take seriously moqaddasī s assertion that azerbaijan had seventy languages a state of affairs more correctly applicable to the caucasus region to the north but the basically iranian population spoke an aberrant dialectical form of persian called by masʿūdī al āḏarīya as well as standard persian and the geographers state that the former was difficult to understand 30 igrar aliyev states that 31 1 in the writing of medieval arab historians ibn hawqal muqqaddesi the people of azarbaijan spoke azari 2 this azari was without doubt an iranian language because it is also contrasted with dari but it is also mentioned as persian it was not the same as the languages of the caucasus mentioned by arab historians 3 azari is not exactly dari name used for the khorasanian persian which is the modern persian language from the research conducted by researchers upon this language it appears that this language is part of the nw iranian languages and was close to talyshi language talyshi language has kept some of the characteristics of the median language aliyev states that medieval muslim historians such as al baladhuri al masudi ibn hawqal and yaqut al hamawi mentioned this language by name 31 other such writers are estakhri ibn al nadim hamza al isfahani al muqaddasi ya qubi hamdallah mustawfi and muhammad ibn musa al khwarizmi 12 according to gilbert lazard azarbaijan was the domain of adhari an important iranian dialect which masudi mentions together with dari and pahlavi 32 according to richard n frye azari was a major iranian language and the original language of iranian azerbaijan it gradually lost its status as the majority language by the end of the 14th century 33 historical attestations edit ebn al moqaffa died 142 759 is quoted by ibn al nadim in his famous al fihrist as stating that azerbaijan nahavand rayy hamadan and esfahan speak fahlavi pahlavi and collectively constitute the region of fahlah 34 a very similar statement is given by the medieval historian hamzeh isfahani when talking about sassanid iran hamzeh isfahani writes in the book al tanbih ala hoduth altashif that five tongues or dialects were common in sassanian iran fahlavi dari persian khuzi and soryani hamzeh 893 961 ce explains these dialects in the following way 35 fahlavi was a dialect which kings spoke in their assemblies and it is related to fahleh this name is used to designate five cities of iran esfahan rey hamadan man nahavand and azerbaijan persian is a dialect which was spoken by the clergy zoroastrian and those who associated with them and is the language of the cities of fars dari is the dialect of the cities of ctesiphon and was spoken in the kings dabariyan courts the root of its name is related to its use darbar court is implied in dar the vocabulary of the natives of balkh was dominant in this language which includes the dialects of the eastern peoples khuzi is associated with the cities of khuzistan where kings and dignitaries used it in private conversation and during leisure time in the bath houses for instance ibn hawqal states 12 the language of the people of azerbaijan and most of the people of armenia is iranian al farssya which binds them together while arabic is also used among them among those who speak al faressya here he seemingly means persian spoken by the elite of the urban population there are few who do not understand arabic and some merchants and landowners are even adept in it ibn hawqal mentions that some areas of armenia are controlled by muslims and others by christians 36 abu al hasan ali ibn al husayn al masudi 896 956 the arab historian states the persians are a people whose borders are the mahat mountains and azarbaijan up to armenia and aran and bayleqan and darband and ray and tabaristan and masqat and shabaran and jorjan and abarshahr and that is nishabur and herat and marv and other places in land of khorasan and sejistan and kerman and fars and ahvaz all these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language although the language differed slightly the language however is one in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition there are then different languages such as pahlavi dari azari as well as other persian languages 37 al moqaddasi died late 10th century considers azerbaijan as part of the 8th division of lands he states the languages of the 8th division is iranian al ajamyya it is partly dari and partly convoluted monqaleq and all of them are named persian 38 al moqaddasi also writes on the general region of armenia arran and azerbaijan and states 39 they have big beards their speech is not attractive in arminya they speak armenian in al ran ranian the caucasian albanian language their persian is understandable and is close to khurasanian dari persian in sound ahmad ibn yaqubi mentions that the people of azerbaijan are a mixture of azari ajams ajam is a term that developed to mean iranian and old javedanis followers of javidan the son of shahrak who was the leader of khurramites and succeeded by babak khorramdin 40 zakariya b mohammad qazvini s report in athar al bilad composed in 1275 that no town has escaped being taken over by the turks except tabriz beirut ed 1960 p 339 one may infer that at least tabriz had remained aloof from the influence of turkish until the time 12 from the time of the mongol invasion most of whose armies were composed of turkic tribes the influence of turkish increased in the region on the other hand the old iranian dialects remained prevalent in major cities hamdallah mostawafi writing in the 1340s calls the language of maraqa as modified pahlavi pahlavi ye mughayyar mostowafi calls the language of zanjan pahlavi ye raast the language of gushtaspi covering the caspian border region between gilan to shirvan is called a pahlavi language close to the language of gilan 41 following the islamic conquest of iran middle persian also known as pahlavi continued to be used until the 10th century when it was gradually replaced by a new breed of persian language most notably dari the saffarid dynasty in particular was the first in a line of many dynasties to officially adopt the new language in 875 ce thus dari is considered the continuation of middle persian which was prevalent in the early islamic era of western iran the name dari comes from the word دربار which refers to the royal court where many of the poets protagonists and patrons of the literature flourished the iranian dialect of tabriz edit according to jean during the inhabitants of tabriz did not speak turkish in the 15th century 42 the language of tabriz being an iranian language was not the standard khurasani dari qatran tabrizi 11th century has an interesting couplet mentioning this fact 43 بلبل به سان مطرب بیدل فراز گل گه پارسی نوازد گاهی زند دری translation the nightingale is on top of the flower like a minstrel who has lost her his heart it bemoans sometimes in parsi persian and sometimes in dari khurasani persian there are extant words phrases sentences and poems attested in the old iranian dialect of tabriz in a variety of books and manuscripts 44 hamdullah mustuwafi 14th century mentions a sentence in the language of tabriz 45 تبارزه اگر صاحب حُسنی را با لباس ناسزا یابند گویند انگور خلوقی بی چه در درّ سوه اندرین یعنی انگور خلوقی انگوری مرغوب است در سبد دریده the tabrizians have a phrase when they see a fortunate and wealthy man in a uncouth clothes he is like fresh grapes in a ripped fruit basket a macaronic mula ma which is popular in persian poetry where some verses are in one language and another in another language poem from homam tabrizi where some verses are in khorasani dari persian and others are in the dialect of tabriz 46 بدیذم چشم مستت رفتم اژ دست كوام و آذر دلی كویا بتی مست دل ام خود رفت و می دانم كه روژی به مهرت هم بشی خوش گیانم اژ دست به آب زندگی ای خوش عبارت لوانت لاود جمن دیل و گیان بست دمی بر عاشق خود مهربان شو كزی سر مهرورزی كست و نی كست به عشق ات گر همام از جان برآیذ مواژش كان بوان بمرت وارست كرم خا و ابری بشم بوینی به بویت خته بام ژاهنام another ghazal from homam tabrizi where all the couplets except the last couplet is in persian the last couplet reads 47 وهار و ول و دیم یار خوش بی اوی یاران مه ول بی مه وهاران transliteration wahar o wol o dim yaar khwash bi awi yaaraan mah wul bi mah wahaaraan translation the spring and flowers and the face of the friend are all pleasant but without the friend there are no flowers or a spring another recent discovery by the name of safina yi tabriz has given sentences from native of tabriz in their peculiar iranian dialect the work was compiled during the ilkhanid era a sample expression from the mystic baba faraj tabrizi in the safina 48 انانک قده ی فرجشون فعالم آندره اووارادا چاشمش نه پیف قدم کینستا نه پیف حدوث standard persian translated by the author of safina himself چندانک فرج را در عالم آورده اند چشم او نه بر قِدَم افتاده است نه بر حدوث modern english they brought faraj in this world in such a way that his eye is neither towards pre eternity nor upon createdness the safina written in the ilkhanid era contains many poems and sentences from the old regional dialect of azerbaijan another portion of the safina contains a direct sentence in what the author has called zaban i tabriz dialect language of tabriz 49 دَچَان چوچرخ نکویت مو ایر رهشه مهر دورش چَو ِش دَ کارده شکویت ولَول ودَارد سَر ِ یَوه پَری بقهر اره میر دون جو پور زون هنرمند پروکری اَنزوتون منی که آن هزیوه اکیژ بحتَ ورامرو کی چرخ هانزمَویتی ژژور منشی چو بخت اهون قدریوه نه چرخ استه نبوتی نه روزو ورو فوتی زو ِم چو واش خللیوه زمم حو بورضی ربوه a sentence in the dialect of tabriz the author calls zaban i tabriz dialect language of tabriz recorded and also translated by ibn bazzaz ardabili in the safvat al safa 50 علیشاه چو در آمد گستاخ وار شیخ را در کنار گرفت و گفت حاضر باش بزبان تبریزی گو حریفر ژاته یعنی سخن بصرف بگو حریفت رسیده است در این گفتن دست بر کتف مبارک شیخ زد شیخ را غیرت سر بر کرد the sentence gu harif a e r zhaatah is mentioned in tabrizi dialect a sentence in the dialect of tabriz by pir zehtab tabrizi addressing the qara qoyunlu ruler eskandar 43 اسکندر رودم کشتی رودت کشاد eskandar roodam koshti roodat koshaad eskandar you killed my son may your son perish the word rood for son is still used in some iranian dialects especially the larestani dialect and other dialects around fars fo...
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