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e young girls by forcing them into temporary marriages mutah in islamic law these ceremonies are called command marriages 95 in 2005 a 14 year old gujjar girl was abducted from lurkoti village by the lashkar e taiba militants and forced to marry one of them she was gang raped by her husband and his militant friends 95 indian security forces jamir qadeem 1990 on 26 june 1990 a twenty four year old woman from jamir qadeem was raped during a search of her neighbourhood by the bsf police in sopore registered a case against the bsf in july of that year 96 chhanpora 1990 on 7 march crpf raided several houses in the chhanpora locality of srinagar during the raids a number of women were raped the committee for initiative in kashmir which visited the valley between 12 and 16 march 1990 interviewed the victims rape victim noora 24 was forcefully dragged out of her kitchen by 20 men from the crpf and raped along with her sister in law zaina the rape victims also witnessed two minor girls being molested 97 barbar shah 1991 a mentally ill old woman was raped by security forces in srinagar 98 kunan poshpora 1991 on 23 february 1991 a unit of the indian army launched a search and interrogation operation in the twin villages of kunan poshpora in the valley s kupwara district soldiers repeatedly gang raped many women with estimates of the number of victims ranging from 23 to 100 pazipora ballipora 1991 on 20 august 1991 soldiers carried out mass rape in this hamlet which is only a few kilometres away from kunan poshpora the number of rape victims in this case varied between eight and fifteen or more 32 chak saidpora 1992 on 10 october 1992 an army unit of the 22nd grenadiers entered the village of chak saidapora several army soldiers gang raped between six and nine women including an 11 year old girl and a 60 year old woman 99 haran 1992 on 20 july 1992 women were raped during an army search operation one victim interviewed by asia watch and phr reported being gang raped by two soldiers in turns another victim in the same incident was raped by a sikh soldier while another stood guard 100 gurihakhar 1992 on 1 october 1992 after killing ten people in the hamlet of bakhikar bsf forces entered the nearby village of gurihakhar and raped women one woman interviewed by asia watch tried to hide her daughter s identity as a rape victim by describing herself as the rape victim to protect her daughter from public humiliation 101 bijbehara 1993 before the bijbehara massacre there was a large incident of molestation and gang rape in bijbehara which elders hushed up due to fear it would bring shame to the families of rape victims later in august army men raped a woman in gadhangipora on the outskirts of bijbehara town in retaliation for an attack by militants 102 hyhama 1994 on 17 june 1994 seven women were raped by troops of rashtriya rifles including two officers major ramesh and raj kumar in the village hyhama 73 sheikhpora incident 1994 a 60 year old woman was raped while men of her family were locked away 98 kangan 1994 a woman and her 12 year old daughter were raped by indian security forces at theno budapathary 98 wurwun 1995 on 30 december 1995 soldiers from the rashtriya rifles entered a house in wurwun village district pulwama and sexually assaulted and attempted to rape three women 31 narbal pingalgom 1997 a girl was raped in pulwama in november 1997 98 srinagar 1997 on 13 april 1997 indian troops stripped naked and gang raped twelve young kashmiri girls near srinagar 103 wavoosa 1997 on 22 april 1997 several indian armed forces personnel entered the house of a 32 year old woman in the village of wavoosa they molested her 12 year old daughter and raped three other daughters aged 14 16 and 18 another woman was beaten for preventing the rape of her daughters by soldiers 104 doda 1998 a fifty year old resident of the village ludna in doda district told human rights watch that on 5 october 1998 the eighth rashtriya rifles came to her house took her and beat her she was then raped by a captain who was a hindu and said to her you are muslims and you will all be treated like this 105 bihota 2000 on 29 october 2000 there was a cordon and search operation in bihota by the 15 bihar regiment during which one woman was picked up and taken away to a camp the following day twenty women went along with a few men to get the woman released however the women were detained for four to five hours and sexually assaulted 96 zero bridge 2004 four security personnel raped a 21 year old woman in a guest house on 28 october 98 handwara incident 2004 a mother and her daughter were raped in baderpayeen handwara on 6 november 98 according to khurram parvez programme coordinator of the jammu and kashmir coalition of civil society officers implied that this should not be an issue since the alleged rapist was a muslim major rahman hussain he was later convicted for transgression into civilian property instead of rape 86 see also human rights abuses in jammu and kashmir references amritjit singh nalini iyer rahul k gairola 15 june 2016 revisiting india s partition new essays on memory culture and politics lexington books pp 149 isbn 978 1 4985 3105 4 jalal ayesha 4 january 2002 self and sovereignty individual and community in south asian islam since 1850 routledge pp 558 isbn 978 1 134 59937 0 1 2 snedden christopher 15 september 2015 understanding kashmir and kashmiris oxford university press isbn 978 1 84904 621 3 chinkin christine rape and sexual abuse of women in international law european journal of international law 5 3 1994 327 women in kashmir who have suffered rape and death under the administration of the indian army skjelsbæk inger 2001 sexual violence in times of war a new challenge for peace operations international peacekeeping 8 2 69 84 doi 10 1080 13533310108413896 issn 1353 3312 sharon frederick 2001 rape weapon of terror world scientific pp 101 isbn 978 981 4350 95 2 archived from the original on 20 april 2017 retrieved 19 april 2017 rape in kashmir a crime of war archived 4 september 2012 at the wayback machine pdf asia watch physicians for human rights a division of human rights watch 5 9 6 kazi seema gender and militarization in kashmir oxford islamic studies online oxford university press sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against kashmiri women and civilians is it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by indian state forces for which justice has yet to be done 1 2 kazi seema rape impunity and justice in kashmir archived 1 march 2017 at the wayback machine socio legal rev 10 2014 22 23 ved bhasin 17 november 2015 jammu 1947 kashmir life archived from the original on 22 february 2017 retrieved 9 may 2017 khalid bashir ahmad 5 november 2014 circa 1947 a long story kashmir life archived from the original on 7 april 2017 retrieved 9 may 2017 ramachandra guha 2017 india after gandhi the history of the world s largest democracy pan macmillan kashmir the case for freedom archived 24 april 2017 at the wayback machine p vii verso books by arundhati roy pankaj mishra hilal bhatt angana p chatterji tariq ali snedden christopher 15 september 2015 understanding kashmir and kashmiris oxford university press p 167 isbn 978 1 84904 621 3 puri luv 21 february 2012 across the line of control inside azad kashmir columbia university press p 28 isbn 978 0 231 80084 6 madhok balraj 1 january 1972 a story of bungling in kashmir young asia publications p 67 archived from the original on 10 august 2018 retrieved 10 september 2017 knuth rebecca 2006 burning books and leveling libraries extremist violence and cultural destruction greenwood publishing group pp 77 79 isbn 978 0 275 99007 7 archived from the original on 12 october 2013 retrieved 15 march 2012 angana p chatterji shashi buluswar mallika kaur 4 november 2016 conflicted democracies and gendered violence internal conflict and social upheaval in india zubaan pp 305 isbn 978 93 85932 11 3 archived from the original on 14 august 2018 retrieved 9 may 2017 1 2 rape in kashmir a crime of war pdf asia watch physicians for human rights a division of human rights watch 5 9 15 archived pdf from the original on 4 september 2012 retrieved 21 july 2012 1 2 3 rape in kashmir a crime of war pdf asia watch physicians for human rights a division of human rights watch 5 9 16 17 archived pdf from the original on 4 september 2012 retrieved 21 july 2012 rape in kashmir a crime of war pdf asia watch physicians for human rights a division of human rights watch 5 9 4 archived pdf from the original on 4 september 2012 retrieved 21 july 2012 2010 human rights reports india state gov retrieved 10 march 2012 1 2 3 4 the human rights crisis in kashmir archived 3 august 2018 at the wayback machine asia watch a division of human rights watch lat retrieved 10 march 2012 also published as a book asia watch committee u s human rights watch organization physicians for human rights u s 1993 the human rights crisis in kashmir a pattern of impunity human rights watch p 154 isbn 978 1 56432 104 6 archived from the original on 30 june 2014 retrieved 10 march 2012 amin tahir schofield victoria kashmir archived 5 november 2018 at the wayback machine the oxford encyclopedia of the islamic world oxford university press schofield kashmir in conflict 2003 p 168 shubh mathur 1 february 2016 the human toll of the kashmir conflict grief and courage in a south asian borderland palgrave macmillan us pp 10 isbn 978 1 137 54622 7 1 2 om prakash dwivedi v g julie rajan 26 february 2016 human rights in postcolonial india routledge pp 11 isbn 978 1 317 31012 9 archived from the original on 21 april 2017 retrieved 21 april 2017 yet in january 1990 india further intensified that insecurity by allowing its indian security forces to initiate a pogrom of torture mass rape and disappearances against civilians siding with pro pakistan paramilitary forces 1 2 inger skjelsbæk 2001 sexual violence in times of war a new challenge for peace operations international peacekeeping 8 2 75 76 1 2 rape in kashmir a crime of war archived 4 september 2012 at the wayback machine pdf asia watch physicians for human rights a division of human rights watch 5 9 1 littlewood roland military rape anthropology today vol 13 no 2 1997 pp 7 16 1 2 3 india s secret army in kashmir human rights watch archived from the original on 3 august 2018 retrieved 15 august 2017 1 2 mathur shubh 1 february 2016 the human toll of the kashmir conflict grief and courage in a south asian borderland palgrave macmillan us pp 60 isbn 978 1 137 54622 7 archived from the original on 21 april 2017 retrieved 21 april 2017 kazi seema kashmir gender and militarization in archived 11 february 2017 at the wayback machine oxford university press in this respect the motive and intent of rape in kashmir was no different from the balkans and rwanda where rape functioned as a cultural weapon of war against women and against the community at large kesic 2000 rape and sexual abuse is an integral part of the indian counteroffensive in kashmir kazi seema rape impunity and justice in kashmir archived 18 november 2016 at the wayback machine socio legal rev 10 2014 27 1 2 kazi seema rape impunity and justice in kashmir archived 18 november 2016 at the wayback machine socio legal rev 10 2014 29 1 2 christine de matos rowena ward 27 april 2012 gender power and military occupations asia pacific and the middle east since 1945 taylor francis pp 229 isbn 978 1 136 33934 9 archived from the original on 20 april 2017 retrieved 19 april 2017 these record a pattern of rape by soldiers who often claim to be following orders 1 2 ranjan amit a gender critique of afspa security for whom archived 10 august 2018 at the wayback machine social change 45 3 2015 447 1 2 seema kazi 8 november 2017 law gender and governance in kashmir in chitralekha zutshi ed kashmir history politics representation cambridge university press pp 162 isbn 978 1 108 22612 7 ganguly sumit 1 march 2004 the kashmir question retrospect and prospect routledge pp 47 isbn 978 1 135 75658 1 archived from the original on 20 april 2017 retrieved 19 april 2017 sorcha gunne zoe brigley thompson 6 august 2012 feminism literature and rape narratives violence and violation routledge pp 143 isbn 978 1 136 61584 9 khan waheeda deb sibnath 5 august 2015 child safety welfare and well being issues and challenges springer p 85 isbn 978 81 322 2425 9 khan waheeda 5 august 2015 deb sibnath ed child safety welfare and well being issues and challenges springer pp 90 isbn 978 81 322 2425 9 archived from the original on 21 april 2017 retrieved 21 april 2017 a study done by jong et al 2008 revealed that kashmiri women are among the worst sufferers of sexual violence in the world belen martin lucas 6 august 2012 sorcha gunne ed feminism literature and rape narratives violence and violation zoe brigley thompson routledge pp 130 isbn 978 1 136 61584 9 according to a study by medicine sans frontier msf in mid 2005 the percentage of raped women in kashmir is higher than those in other armed conflicts such as chechnya or sierra leone which have received wider international attention 1 2 seema kazi 8 november 2017 law gender and governance in kashmir in chitralekha zutshi ed kashmir history politics representation cambridge university press pp 161 isbn 978 1 108 22612 7 since 1990 kashmir has witnessed a remarkably high incidence of rape of women medecins sans frontieres 2006 although reliable statistics on rape in kashmir are hard to come by existing evidence indicates that the practice is frequent and widespread asia watch and physicians for human rights 1993 1 6 16 seema kazi 23 march 2018 sexual crimes and the struggle for justice in kashmir in haley duschinski ed resisting occupation in kashmir mona bhan ather zia cynthia mahmood university of pennsylvania press isbn 978 0 8122 4978 1 médecins sans frontières kashmir violence and health pdf archived from the original pdf on 8 november 2013 retrieved 6 january 2013 kazi seema baksh rawwida harcourt wendy 2015 the oxford handbook of transnational feminist movements oxford university press pp 683 isbn 978 0 19 994349 4 archived from the original on 22 april 2017 retrieved 22 april 2017 cohen dara kay explaining rape during civil war cross national evidence 1980 2009 archived 24 august 2015 at the wayback machine american political science review 107 03 2013 467 rape in kashmir a crime of war archived 4 september 2012 at the wayback machine pdf asia watch physicians for human rights a division of human rights watch 5 9 3 nowrojee binaifer human rights watch africa fédération internationale des droits de l homme 1996 shattered lives sexual violence during the rwandan genocide and its aftermath human rights watch pp 27 isbn 978 1 56432 208 1 kashmir report part iii www guidetoaction org archived from the original on 28 october 2016 retrieved 8 may 2017 kazi seema rape impunity and justice in kashmir 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