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ibed together as the development of the urinary and reproductive organs sexual determination edit human karyotype showing 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs both the female xx and male xy versions of the two sex chromosomes as well as the mitochondrial genome at bottom left further information karyotype sexual identity is determined at fertilization when the genetic sex of the zygote has been initialized by a sperm cell containing either an x or y chromosome if this sperm cell contains an x chromosome it will coincide with the x chromosome of the ovum and a female child will develop a sperm cell carrying a y chromosome results in an xy combination and a male child will develop 3 genetic sex determines whether the gonads will be testes or ovaries in the developing embryo if the testes are developed it will produce and secrete male sex hormones during late embryonic development and cause the secondary sex organs of the male to develop 4 other embryonic reproductive structures edit the structures are masculinized by secretions of the testes urogenital sinus 5 genital tubercle urogenital folds cloacal membrane labioscrotal folds 6 the prostate gland derives from the urogenital sinus and the other embryonic structures differentiate into the external genitalia in the absence of testicular secretions the female genitalia are formed 7 external structures edit at six weeks post conception the differentiation of the external genitalia in the male and female has not taken place at eight weeks a distinct phallus is present during the indifferent stage by the 10th 12th week the genitalia are distinctly male or female being and derived from their homologous structures at 16 weeks post conception the genitalia are formed and distinct 8 9 the masculinization of the embryonic reproductive structures occurs as a result of testosterone secreted by the embryonic testes testosterone however is not the active agent within these organs once inside the target cells testosterone is converted by means of an enzyme called 5α reductase into the dihydrotestosterone dht dht mediates the androgen effect in these organs 10 testes edit main articles development of the gonads paramesonephric duct and mesonephric duct at nine weeks male differentiation of the gonads and the testes is well underway internal changes include the formation of the tubular seminar chris tubules in the rete testis from the primary sex cord developing on the outside surface of each testis is a phibro muscular cord called the gubernaculum this structure attaches to the inferior portion of the testis and extends to the labial sacral fold of the same side at the same time a portion of the embryonic mesonephric duct adjacent to the testis becomes attached and convoluted informs the epididymis another portion of the mesonephric duct becomes the ductus deferens 10 the seminal vesicles form from lateral outgrowths of the caudal and of each mesonephric duct the prostate gland arises from an indo dermal outgrowth of the urogenital sinus the bulbourethral glands develop from outgrowths in the membrane like portion of the urethra 10 the descent of the testes to its final location at the anterior abdominal wall followed by the development of the gubernaculum which subsequently pulls and translocates the testis down into the developing scrotum ultimately the passageway closes behind the testis a failure in this process can cause indirect inguinal hernia or an infantile hydrocoele 11 the testes descend into the scrotal sac between the sixth and 10th week descent does not occur until about the 28th week when compared to when canals form and the abdominal wall provides openings from the pelvic cavity to the scrotal sac the process by which a testis descends is not well understood but it seems to be associated with the shortening of the gubernaculum this is attached to the testis and extends through the inguinal canal to the wall of the scrotum as a testis it carries with it the ductus deference which are testicular vessels and nerves a portion of the abdominal muscle and lymph vessels all of the structures remain attached to the testis and form what is known as the spermatic cord by the time the testis is in the scrotal sac the gubernaculum is no more than a remnant of scar like tissue 10 male germ cells formed in the testes are capable of special dna repair processes that function during meiosis to repair dna damages and to maintain the integrity of the genomes that are to be passed on to progeny 12 these dna repair processes include homologous recombinational repair and non homologous end joining 12 external genitalia edit the external genitalia of the male is distinct from those of the female by the end of the ninth week prior to that the genital tubercle in both sexes is a phallus the urethral groove forms on the ventral surface of the phallus early in development during the differentiation of the external genitalia this is caused by the androgens produced and secreted by the testes androgen induced development causes the elongation and differentiation of the phallus into a penis a fusion of the urogenital folds surrounding the urethral groove along the ventral surface of the penis and a midline closure of the labioscrotal folds this closure forms the wall of the scrotum the external genitalia the external genitalia are completely formed by the end of the 12th week 10 13 at birth the development of the prepubertal male reproductive system is completed during the second trimester of pregnancy testosterone secretion in the male declines so that at birth the testes are inactive 14 gonadotropin secretion is low until the beginning of puberty 15 summary edit chart of the generalized male reproductive system embryionic the genetic sex is determined by whether a y bearing or x bearing sperm fertilizes the ovum the presence or absence of a y chromosome in turn determines whether the gonads of the embryo will be testes or ovaries and the presence or absence of testes finally determines whether the sex accessory organs and external genitalia will be male or female this sequence is understandable in light of the fact that both male and female embryos develop within the maternal environment high in estrogen secreted by the mother s ovaries and the placenta if estrogen determined the sex all embryos would become feminized 10 puberty edit main article puberty during puberty increased gonadotropin secretion stimulates a rise in sex steroids creation from the testes the increased secretion of testosterone from the testes during puberty causes the male secondary sexual characteristics to be manifested 16 male secondary sex characteristics include growth of body hair including underarm abdominal chest hair and pubic hair 17 18 growth of facial hair 18 enlargement of larynx adam s apple and deepening of voice 18 19 increased stature adult males are taller than adult females on average 18 heavier skull and bone structure 18 increased muscle mass and strength 18 broadening of shoulders and chest shoulders wider than hips 20 increased secretions of oil and sweat glands 19 secondary development includes the increased activity of the eccrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands along with the darkening of the skin in the scrotal region 15 clinical significance edit see also male genital disease chromosomal abnormalities edit sex chromosomes in xo sex determination main article chromosome abnormality ychromshowingsry2 chromosomal abnormalities can occur during fertilization impacting the development of the male reproductive system the genotype of the male consists of a y chromosome paired with an x chromosome female sex is determined by the absence of a y chromosome some individuals are male who have the xx male syndrome and androgen insensitivity syndrome this occurs when one x chromosome contains a segment of the y chromosome which was inserted into the x chromosome of the father s sperm rarely females are born with the xy genotype they are found to be missing the same portion of the y chromosome as was inserted into the chromosome of xx males the gene for sexual differentiation in humans called the testis determining factor tdf 21 non primary source needed is located on the short arm of the y chromosome 22 23 the presence or absence of the y chromosome determines whether the embryo will have testes or ovaries an abnormal number of sex chromosomes aneuploidy can occur this includes turner s syndrome a single x chromosome is present 24 klinefelter s syndrome two x chromosomes and a y chromosome are present xyy syndrome and xxyy syndrome other less common chromosomal arrangements include triple x syndrome 48 xxxx and 49 xxxxx 25 4 a diagram of the primitive urogenital organs from diagrams to show the development of male and female generative organs from a common type w w right and left wolffian ducts the observable visual differences become apparent between male or the female reproductive organs are not seen initially maturation continues as the medial aspect of each mesonephros grows to form the genital ridge the genital ridge continues to grow behind the developing peritoneal membrane by week six string like cell congregations called primitive sex cords form within the enlarging genital ridge externally a swelling called the genital tubercle appears above the cloacal membrane 4 the mesoderm extends to the midventral line external distinctions are not observed even by the eighth week of pre embryonic development this is the indifferent stage during which the gonads are relatively large and have an outer cortex of primitive sex cords and an inner medulla 4 specialized primordial germ cells are forming and migrating from the yolk sac to the embryonic gonads during week eight and nine these are the spermatogonia in the developing male before seven weeks after fertilization the gonads have the potential to become either testes or ovaries reproductive sex organs for both male and female are derived from the same embryonic tissues and are considered homologous tissues or organs 4 testosterone after the testes have differentiated male sex hormones called androgens are secreted from interstitial cells cells of leydig the major androgens secreted by these cells is testosterone and secretion begins 8 to 10 weeks after conception testosterone secretion reaches a peak at 12 to 14 weeks and declines to very low levels by the end of the second trimester about 21 weeks levels are the barely detectable 4 6 months of age postnatal 26 27 high levels of testosterone will not appear again until the time of puberty 7 28 internal accessory sex organs to develop and most of these are derived from two systems of embryonic ducts male accessory organs are derived from mesonephric wolffian ducts the developing tubules within the testes secretes a polypeptide müllerian inhibition factor mif mif causes the regression of the paramesonephritic ducts 60 days after fertilization testosterone secretion by the interstitial cells of the testes then causes the growth and development of the mesonephric ducts into male secondary sex organs 7 the müllerian ducts atrophy but traces of their anterior ends are represented by the appendices testis hydatids of morgagni of the male while their terminal fused portions form the utriculus on the floor of the prostatic urethra this is due to the production of anti müllerian hormone by the sertoli cells of the testes 29 gallery edit perspective view sagittal view front view see also edit evolution of sexual reproduction male infertility oncofertility reproductive system spermatogenesis references edit 1 2 sharma s hanukoglu a hanukoglu i 2018 localization of epithelial sodium channel enac and cftr in the germinal epithelium of the testis sertoli cells and spermatozoa journal of molecular histology 49 2 195 208 doi 10 1007 s10735 018 9759 2 pmid 29453757 s2cid 3761720 sharma s hanukoglu i 2019 mapping the sites of localization of epithelial sodium channel enac and cftr in segments of the mammalian epididymis journal of molecular histology 50 2 141 154 doi 10 1007 s10735 019 09813 3 pmid 30659401 s2cid 58026884 fauci et al 2008 pp 2339 2346 1 2 3 4 5 van de graaff fox 1989 p 927 differentiation of the urogenital sinus in males www embryology ch archived from the original on 2018 02 15 retrieved 2015 11 20 the external genitalia indifferent stage human embryology organogenesis archived from the original on 2017 08 01 retrieved 2015 03 03 1 2 3 van de graaff fox 1989 p 928 van de graaff fox 1989 p 929 differentiated stage of the male genitalia human embryology organogenesis archived from the original on 2018 01 31 retrieved 2015 03 03 1 2 3 4 5 6 van de graaff fox 1989 p 932 hydroceles and inguinal hernia symptoms diagnosis treatment urology care foundation www urologyhealth org retrieved 2024 04 17 1 2 garcía rodríguez a gosálvez j agarwal a roy r johnston s december 2018 dna damage and repair in human reproductive cells int j mol sci 20 1 31 doi 10 3390 ijms20010031 pmc 6337641 pmid 30577615 embryo images online syllabus med unc edu archived from the original on 2021 02 26 retrieved 2019 11 28 van de graaff fox 1989 p 933 1 2 van de graaff fox 1989 p 934 van de graaff fox 1989 p 933 4 pack pe 2016 cliffsnotes ap biology 5th ed houghton mifflin harcourt p 219 isbn 978 0544784178 1 2 3 4 5 6 bjorklund df blasi ch 2011 child and adolescent development an integrated approach cengage learning pp 152 153 isbn 978 1133168379 1 2 help is here www hartnell edu archived from the original on february 8 2009 secondary characteristics hu berlin de archived from the original on 2011 09 27 sinclair andrew h et al 19 july 1990 a gene from the human sex determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved dna binding motif nature 346 6281 240 244 bibcode 1990natur 346 240s doi 10 1038 346240a0 pmid 1695712 s2cid 4364032 rediscovering biology unit 11 biology of sex and gender expert interview transcripts link archived 2018 07 28 at the wayback machine schoenwolf gary c 2009 development of the urogenital system larsen s human embryology 4th ed philadelphia churchill livingstone elsevier pp 307 9 isbn 9780443068119 ford ce jones kw polani pe de almeida jc briggs jh apr 4 1959 a sex chromosome anomaly in a case of gonadal dysgenesis turner s syndrome lancet 1 7075 711 3 doi 10 1016 s0140 6736 59 91893 8 pmid 13642858 fauci et al 2008 forest mg cathiard am bertrand ja july 1973 evidence of testicular activity in early infancy j clin endocrinol metab 37 1 148 51 doi 10 1210 jcem 37 1 148 pmid 4715291 corbier p edwards da roffi j 1992 the neonatal testosterone surge a comparative study arch int physiol biochim biophys 100 2 127 31 doi 10 3109 13813459209035274 pmid 1379488 swaab df garcia falgueras a 2009 sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation funct neurol 24 1 17 28 pmid 19403051 wilson danielle bordoni bruno 2024 embryology mullerian ducts paramesonephric d...
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