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events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 background 2 goals 3 history and adoption 4 mathematical notation 5 implementation 6 see also 7 references 8 external links toggle the table of contents unified english braille 1 language العربية edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia braille standard for the english language unified english braille code uebc formerly ubc now usually simply ueb is an english language braille code standard developed to encompass the wide variety of literary and technical material in use in the english speaking world today in uniform fashion background edit standard 6 dot braille only provides 63 distinct characters not including the space character and thus over the years a number of distinct rule sets have been developed to represent literary text mathematics scientific material computer software the symbol used in email addresses and other varieties of written material different countries also used differing encodings at various times during the 1800s american braille competed with english braille and new york point in the war of the dots as a result of the expanding need to represent technical symbolism and divergence during the past 100 years across countries braille users who desired to read or write a large range of material have needed to learn different sets of rules depending on what kind of material they were reading at a given time rules for a particular type of material were often not compatible from one system to the next the rule sets for literary mathematical computerized encoding areas were sometimes conflicting and of course differing approaches to encoding mathematics were not compatible with each other so the reader would need to be notified as the text in a book moved from computer braille code for programming to nemeth code for mathematics to standard literary braille moreover the braille rule set used for math and computer science topics and even to an extent braille for literary purposes differed among various english speaking countries goals edit unified english braille is intended to develop one set of rules the same everywhere in the world which could be applied across various types of english language material the notable exception to this unification is music braille which ueb specifically does not encompass because it is already well standardized internationally unified english braille is designed to be readily understood by people familiar with the literary braille used in standard prose writing while also including support for specialized math and science symbols computer related symbols the sign 1 as well as more specialised programming language syntax foreign alphabets and visual effects bullets bold type accent marks and so on according to the original 2 1991 specification 3 for ueb the goals were 1 simplify and unify the system of braille used for encoding english reducing community fragmentation 2 reduce the overall number of official coding systems which currently include a literary code since 1933 english braille grade 2 has been the main component i bana flavor used in north america ii bauk flavor used in united kingdom b textbook formats and techniques code c math notation and science notation codes i nemeth code since 1952 in north america and several other countries ii modern variants of taylor code a subset of literary code since 18xx standard elsewhere alternative in north america iii extended nemeth code with chemistry module iv extended nemeth code with ancient numeration module v mathematical diagrams module not actually associated with any particular coding system d computer braille code since the 1980s when for special characters i the basic cbc ii cbc with flowchart module e braille music code since 1829 last upgraded unified 1997 used for vocals and instrumentals this one explicitly not to be unified nor eliminated f added later when ipa braille code used for phonetic transcriptions this one did not yet exist in 1991 3 if possible unify the literary code used across english speaking countries 4 where it is not possible to reduce the number of coding systems reduce conflicts a most especially rule conflicts which make the codes incompatible at a software level in human brains and computer algorithms b symbol conflicts for example the characters and are all represented differently in the various code systems c sometimes the official coding systems themselves are not explicitly in conflict but ambiguity in their rules can lead to accidental conflicts 5 the overall goal of steps 1 to 4 above is to make acquisition of reading writing and teaching skill in the use of braille quicker easier and more efficient 6 this in turn will help reverse the trend of steadily eroding usage of braille itself which is being replaced by electronics and or illiteracy 7 besides those practical goals it is also desired that braille as a writing system have the properties required for long term success a universal with no special code system for particular subject matter no special purpose modules and no serious disagreements about how to encode english b coherent with no internal conflicts and thus no need for authoritative fiat to resolve such conflicts by picking winners and losers c ease of use with dramatically less need for braille coding specific lessons certifications workshops literature etc d uniform yet extensible with symbol assignment giving an unvarying identity relationship and new symbols possible without conflicts or overhauls 8 philosophically an additional goal is to upgrade the braille system to be practical for employment in a workplace not just for reading recreational and religious texts a computer friendly braille production on modern keyboards and braille consumption via computerized file formats see also braille e book which did not really exist back in 1990 b tech writing friendly straightforward handling of notations used in math science medical programming engineering similar c precise bidirectional representation both 8a and 8b can be largely satisfied by a precision writing system but the existing braille systems as of 1990 were not fully precise replacing symbols with words converting unit systems altering punctuation and so on 9 upgrades to existing braille codes are required and then these modified codes can be merged into a unified code preferably singular plus the music code some goals were specially and explicitly called out as key objectives not all of which are mentioned above objective a precise bidirectional representation of printed text see 8c objective b maximizing the usefulness of braille s limited formatting mechanisms in systematic fashion so that readers can quickly and easily locate the information they are seeking objective c unifying the rule systems and symbol assignments for all subject matters except musical notation to eliminate unlearning 9 2 3 objective d context independent encoding symbols must be transcribable in straightforward fashion without regard to their english meaning objective e markup or mode switching ability to clearly distinguish between information from the printed version versus transcriber commentary objective f easy to memorize symbol assignments to make learning the coding system easier and also facilitate reading of relatively rare symbols see 7c 5 1 objective g extensible coding system with the possibility of introducing new symbols in a non conflicting and systematic manner see 7d objective h algorithmic representation and deterministic rule set texts are amenable to automatic computerized translation from braille to print and vice versa see 8a objective i backward compatibility with english braille grade 2 someone reading regular words and sentences will hardly notice any modifications objective j reverse the steadily declining trend of braille usage as a statistical percentage of the blind community as soon as possible see 6 goals that were specifically not part of the ueb upgrade process were the ability to handle languages outside the roman alphabet cf the various national variants of ascii in the iso 8859 series versus the modern pan universal unicode standard which governs how writing systems are encoded for computerized use history and adoption edit work on ueb formally began in 1991 4 and preliminary draft standard was published in march 1995 as ubc 5 then upgraded several times thereafter unified english braille ueb was originally known as unified braille code ubc with the english specific nature being implied but later when the word english was formally incorporated into its name unified english braille code uebc and still more recently when it has come to be called unified english braille ueb 6 on april 2 2004 the international council on english braille iceb gave the go ahead for the unification of various english braille codes this decision was reached following 13 years of analysis research and debate iceb said that unified english braille was sufficiently complete for recognition as an international standard for english braille which the seven iceb member countries could consider for adoption as their national code 7 8 south africa adopted the ueb almost immediately in may 2004 9 during the following year the standard was adopted by nigeria february 5 2005 10 australia may 14 2005 11 and new zealand november 2005 12 on april 24 2010 the canadian braille authority cba voted to adopt ueb making canada the fifth nation to adopt ueb officially 13 on october 21 2011 the uk association for accessible formats voted to adopt ueb as the preferred clarification needed code in the uk 14 on november 2 2012 the braille authority of north america bana became the sixth of the seven member countries of the iceb to officially adopt the ueb 15 mathematical notation edit the major criticism against ueb is that it fails to handle mathematics or computer science as compactly as codes designed to be optimal for those disciplines besides requiring more space to represent and more time to read and write the verbosity of ueb can make learning mathematics more difficult 16 nemeth braille officially used in the united states since 1952 17 and as of 2002 the de facto standard 18 for teaching and doing mathematics in braille in the us was specifically invented 17 to correct the cumbersomeness of doing mathematics in braille however although the nemeth encoding standard was officially adopted by the jutc of the us and the uk in the 1950s in practice only the us switched their mathematical braille to the nemeth system whereas the uk continued to use the traditional henry martyn taylor coding not to be confused with hudson taylor who was involved with the use of moon type for the blind in china during the 1800s for their braille mathematics programmers in the united states who write their programming codefiles in braille as opposed to in ascii text with use of a screenreader for example tend to use nemeth syntax numerals whereas programmers in the uk use yet another system not taylor numerals and not literary numerals 19 the key difference 20 of nemeth braille compared to taylor and ueb which uses an upgraded version of the taylor encoding for math is that nemeth uses down shifted numerals from the fifth decade of the braille alphabet overwriting various punctuation characters whereas ueb taylor uses the traditional 1800s approach with up shifted numerals from the first decade of the english braille alphabet overwriting the first ten letters namely abcdefghij traditional 1800s braille and also ueb require insertion of numeral prefixes when speaking of numerals which makes representing some mathematical equations 42 more verbose 4 as an alternative to ueb there were proposals in 2001 4 and 2009 21 and most recently these were the subject of various technical workshops during 2012 22 although ueb adopts some features of nemeth the final version of ueb mandates up shifted numerals 1 which are the heart of the controversy according to bana which adopted ueb in 2012 the official braille codes for the usa will be ueb and nemeth braille as well as music braille for vocals and instrumentals plus ipa braille for phonetic linguistics 23 despite the use of contradictory representation of numerals and arithmetical symbols in the ueb and nemeth encodings thus although ueb has officially been adopted in most english speaking iceb member countries in the usa and possibly the uk where ueb is only the preferred system the new encoding is not to be the sole encoding another proposed braille notation for encoding math is gs8 gs6 which was specifically invented 24 in the early 1990s as an attempt to get rid of the up shifted numerals used in ueb see gardner salinas braille gs6 implements extra dot numerals 25 from the fourth decade of the english braille alphabet overwriting various two letter ligatures gs8 expands the braille cell from 2 3 dots to 2 4 dots quadrupling the available codepoints from the traditional 64 up to 256 but in gs8 the numerals are still represented in the same way as in gs6 albeit with a couple unused dot positions at the bottom 26 attempts to give the numerals their own distinct position in braille are not new the original 1829 specification by louis braille gave the numerals their own distinct symbols with the modern digraph based literary braille approach mentioned as an optional fallback however after trying the system out in the classroom the dashes used in the numerals as well as several other rows of special characters were found to be too difficult to distinguish from dot pairs and thus the typical digraph based numerals became the official standard in 1837 implementation edit this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information june 2022 as of 2013 with the majority of english speaking iceb member countries having officially adopted ueb there remain barriers 27 to implementation 28 and deployment besides iceb member nations there are also many other countries with blind citizens that teach and use english india hong kong china pakistan the philippines and so on many of these countries use non ueb math notation for english speaking countries specifically versions of the nemeth code were widespread by 1990 in the united states western samoa canada including quebec new zealand israel greece india pakistan sri lanka thailand malaysia ind...
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