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nents 廠 厂 廣 广 飛 飞 習 习 滅 灭 親 亲 業 业 鄉 乡 餘 余 氣 气 omitting components then applying further alterations 婦 妇 麗 丽 歸 归 顯 显 務 务 structural changes that preserve the basic shape 繼 继 龜 龟 齒 齿 奪 夺 門 门 見 见 replacing the phonetic component of phono semantic compounds 鄰 邻 斃 毙 蠟 蜡 鍾 钟 艦 舰 replacing an uncommon phonetic component 華 华 憲 宪 歷 曆 历 賓 宾 replacing entirely with a newly coined phono semantic compound 護 护 驚 惊 藝 艺 響 响 removing radicals 麼 么 開 开 裡 裏 里 餘 余 關 关 only retaining single radicals 廣 广 親 亲 產 产 類 类 廠 厂 鄉 乡 replacing with ancient forms or variants note 2 塵 尘 膚 肤 從 从 眾 众 雲 云 網 网 與 与 無 无 電 电 adopting ancient vulgar variants note 2 體 体 國 国 憑 凭 陽 阳 陰 阴 readopting abandoned phonetic loan characters 餘 余 後 后 裡 裏 里 copying and modifying another traditional character 義 义 乂 髮 發 发 友 龍 龙 尤 頭 头 斗 simplifying components edit based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in chart 2 of the complete list the 1 753 derived characters found in chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using chart 2 as a conversion table while exercising such derivation the following rules should be observed the complete list employs character components not traditional radicals a component refers to any conceivable part of a character regardless of its position within the character or its relative size compared to other components in the same character for instance in the character 摆 not only is 扌 a traditional radical considered a component but so is 罢 each of the 132 simplified characters in chart 2 when used as a component in compound characters systematically simplify compound characters in exactly the same way the chart 2 character itself was simplified for instance 單 is simplified in chart 2 to 单 based on the same principle these derivations can be made 彈 弹 嬋 婵 囅 冁 the 14 simplified components in chart 2 are never used alone as individual characters they only serve as components example of derived simplification based on the component 𦥯 simplified to include 學 学 覺 觉 黌 黉 chart 1 collects 352 simplified characters that generally cannot be used as components even in rare cases where a chart 1 character is found as a component in a compound character the compound character cannot be simplified in the same way for instance 習 is simplified in chart 1 to 习 but 褶 cannot be simplified to 衤习 a character that is already explicitly listed as simplified character in the complete list of simplified characters cannot be alternatively simplified based on derivation for instance 戰 and 誇 are simplified in chart 1 to 战 and 夸 respectively thus they cannot be simplified alternatively by derivation via 单 and 讠 in chart 2 to 𢧐 and 讠夸 過 is simplified in chart 2 to 过 thus it cannot be alternatively derived via 呙 in chart 2 as 𬨨 sample derivations 𦥯 thus 學 学 覺 觉 黌 黉 單 单 thus 彈 弹 嬋 婵 囅 冁 頁 页 thus 顏 颜 頷 颔 順 顺 額 额 專 专 thus 傳 传 轉 转 磚 砖 𩙿 饣 thus 飯 饭 飽 饱 飼 饲 餃 饺 訁 讠 thus 話 话 語 语 誰 谁 elimination of allographs edit the series one list of variant characters reduces the number of total standard characters first amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning one character usually the simplest in form is elevated to the standard character set and the rest are made obsolete then amongst the chosen variants those that appear in the complete list of simplified characters are also simplified in character structure accordingly some examples follow sample reduction of equivalent variants 姪 侄 蹤 踪 恆 恒 佇 伫 虖 嘑 謼 呼 夠 够 ancient variants with simple structure are preferred 異 异 淚 泪 災 烖 菑 灾 simpler vulgar forms are also chosen 傑 杰 貓 猫 豬 猪 獃 騃 呆 the chosen variant was already simplified in chart 1 裏 裡 里 歎 嘆 叹 唘 啓 啟 启 鬦 鬪 鬭 鬥 斗 厤 暦 曆 历 歴 歷 历 in some instances the chosen variant is actually more complex than eliminated ones an example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 the 扌 hand with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex appearing as the tree radical 木 with four strokes in the chosen variant 榨 not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes for instance the traditional character 強 with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 with 12 strokes which is a variant character such characters do not constitute simplified characters novel forms edit main article xin zixing the new standardized character forms shown in the characters for publishing and revised through the common modern characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms since the new forms take vulgar variants many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters some examples follow the traditional component 釆 becomes 米 粵 粤 奧 奥 the traditional component 囚 becomes 日 溫 温 媼 媪 the traditional break stroke becomes the dot stroke 虛 虚 噓 嘘 the traditional components and 爫 become 靜 静 睜 睁 the traditional component 奐 becomes 奂 換 换 煥 焕 inconsistencies edit a commonly cited example of the irregularity of simplification involves characters that share the hand component 又 which is used in many simplified characters while there is an observable pattern involving the replacement of 𦰩 with 又 as seen in 漢 汉 難 难 癱 瘫 嘆 叹 灘 滩 when observing that 歎 叹 歡 欢 勸 劝 灌 not simplified and 罐 not simplified an inconsistency arises this is due to the fact that in the complete list of simplified characters 漢 汉 appears in chart 1 while 難 难 is listed in chart 2 and 癱 瘫 as a derived character in the non exhaustive list in chart 3 therefore 难 is defined as a simplified character component according to the standard while 又 is not based on 难 癱 is simplified to 瘫 and 灘 to 滩 since both 歡 欢 and 勸 劝 appear in chart 1 they are not defined as derived characters there are therefore no characters or components found in chart 2 usable for derivation of 灌 and 罐 further investigation reveals that these two characters do not appear in chart 1 nor in series one organization list of variant characters thus they remain unchanged from traditional forms in the common modern characters list distribution edit the slogan 战无不胜的毛泽东思想万岁 long live the invincible mao zedong thought written using simplified characters on xinhua gate in beijing the people s republic of china and singapore generally use simplified characters they appear very sparingly in texts originating in hong kong macau taiwan and overseas chinese communities although they are becoming more prevalent as mainland china becomes more integrated globally mainland china edit the law of the people s republic of china on the national common language and characters implies that simplified chinese characters are the country s standard script with traditional chinese being used for purposes such as ceremonies cultural purposes such as calligraphy for decoration in publications and books on ancient literature and poetry and for research purposes traditional characters remain ubiquitous on buildings that predate the promotion of simplified characters such as former government buildings religious buildings educational institutions and historical monuments traditional characters are also often used for commercial purposes such as in shopfront displays and advertisements as part of the one country two systems model the prc has not attempted to force hong kong or macau into using simplified characters the prc tends to print material intended for people in hong kong macau and taiwan and overseas chinese in traditional characters for example versions of the people s daily are printed in traditional characters and both people s daily and xinhua have traditional character versions of their website available using big5 encoding mainland companies selling products in hong kong macau and taiwan use traditional characters in order to communicate with consumers the reverse is also true dictionaries published in mainland china generally show both simplified and their traditional counterparts in digital media many cultural phenomena imported from hong kong and taiwan into mainland china such as music videos karaoke videos subtitled movies and subtitled dramas use traditional chinese characters hong kong edit textbooks official statements and newspapers show no signs of moving to simplified chinese characters including state funded media however for example hong konger students sometimes opt to write with simplified characters when taking notes or while taking exams in order to write faster the use of simplified characters in hong kong has become politicized due to its association with cultural imposition from mainland china reflected in instances of protests and boycotts against the use of simplified characters in names television subtitles and in schools 24 140 instead the continued use of traditional characters has become an issue of the cultural identity of hongkongers being an easily latchable social difference with mainlanders 24 142 it is common for hong kongers to learn traditional chinese characters in school as well as some simplified characters incidentally usually by consuming media produced on the mainland for use on computers however people tend to type chinese characters using an ime with a traditional character set such as big5 in hong kong as well as elsewhere it is common for people to use both sets due to the ease of conversion between the two sets clarification needed taiwan edit simplified characters are not used in any official capacity in taiwan including in government and civil publications in taiwan however they are sometimes used in calligraphy and informal handwriting 25 it is also legal to import and distribute publications printed in simplified characters specific simplified forms predating the 20th century are in common use such as chinese 台 the first character in the name taiwan rivalling the orthodox form chinese 臺 even in publications and academic contexts southeast asia edit in singapore where mandarin chinese is one of the official languages simplified characters are the official standard and are generally used in most of official publications as well as the government controlled press while simplified characters are taught exclusively in schools and are generally used in most of official publications the government does not officially discourage the use of traditional characters and still allow parents to choose whether to have their child s chinese name registered in simplified or traditional characters traditional characters are widely used by older singaporeans and are widespread on billboards stall menus and decorations as well as in newspapers and on television there is no restriction on the use of traditional characters in mass media and television programs books magazines and music imported from hong kong and taiwan are widely available almost always using traditional characters many shop signs and menus in hawker centres and coffee shops continue to be written with traditional characters 26 in education edit in general schools in mainland china malaysia and singapore use simplified characters exclusively while schools in hong kong macau and taiwan use traditional characters exclusively today simplified chinese characters predominate among college and university programs teaching chinese as a foreign language outside of china 27 such as those in the united states 28 mainland china edit in december 2004 ministry of education authorities rejected a proposal from a beijing chinese people s political consultative conference cppcc political conference member that called for elementary schools to teach traditional chinese characters in addition to the simplified ones the conference member pointed out that many especially young people have difficulties with traditional chinese characters this is especially important in dealing with non mainland communities such as taiwan and hong kong the educational authorities did not approve the recommendation saying that it did not fit in with the requirements as set out by the law and it could potentially complicate the curricula 29 a similar proposal was delivered to the first plenary session of the 11th cppcc in march 2008 30 hong kong edit most if not all chinese language textbooks in hong kong are written in traditional characters before 1997 the use of simplified characters was generally discouraged by educators citation needed after 1997 while students are still expected to be proficient and utilize traditional characters in formal settings they may sometimes adopt a hybrid written form in informal settings to speed up writing singapore malaysia and indonesia edit chinese textbooks in singapore malaysia and indonesia are written exclusively in simplified characters and only simplified characters are taught in school traditional characters are usually only taught to those taking up calligraphy as a co curricular activity or cantonese as an elective course at school chinese as a foreign language edit further information chinese as a foreign language this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed march 2018 learn how and when to remove this message the majority of textbooks teaching chinese are now based on simplified characters and hanyu pinyin although there are textbooks originating in china which have a traditional version for practical reasons universities and schools prepare students who will be able to communicate with mainland china so their obvious choice is to use simplified characters in places where a particular set is not locally entrenched such as europe and the united states instruction is now mostly simplified as the economic importance of mainland china increases and also because of the availability of textbooks printed in mainland china teachers of international students often recommend learning both systems europe edit in the united kingdom universities mainly teach mandarin chinese at the undergraduate level using the simplified characters coupled with pinyin however they will require the students to learn or be able to recognise the traditional forms if they are studying in taiwan or hong kong such as taking cantonese courses in australia and new zealand schools universities and tafes use predominantly simplified characters russia and most east european nations are traditionally oriented on the education of the prc s system for teaching chinese which uses simplified characters but exposes the learners to both systems east asia edit in south korea universities have used predominantly simplified characters since the 1990s in high school chinese is one of the selective subjects by the regulation of the national curricula standards bopomofo and traditional characters had been originally used before since the 1940s but by the change of regulation pinyin and simplified characters have been used to pupils who enter the school in 1996 or later therefore bopomofo and traditional characters disappeared after 1998 in south korean...
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