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steamboat from san francisco to the delta estuary there north assembled and launched the 120 foot 37 m long 80 hp wood hulled colorado 10 it was capable of carrying 70 tons of cargo while drawing only 2 feet of water and was the first stern wheeler on the river 3 15 16 lower colorado river distances fort yuma to virgin river 3 167 169 location distance potholes california from 1859 18 mi 29 km la laguna arizona territory 1860 1863 20 mi 32 km castle dome landing arizona territory 1863 1884 35 mi 56 km eureka arizona territory 1863 1870s 45 mi 72 km williamsport arizona territory 1863 1870s 47 mi 76 km picacho california 1862 1910 48 mi 77 km nortons landing arizona territory 1882 1894 52 mi 84 km clip arizona territory 1882 1888 70 mi 110 km california camp california 72 mi 116 km camp gaston california 1859 1867 80 mi 130 km drift desert arizona territory 102 mi 164 km bradshaw s ferry california 1862 1884 126 mi 203 km mineral city arizona territory 1864 1866 126 mi 203 km ehrenberg arizona territory from 1866 126 5 mi 203 6 km olive city arizona territory 1862 1866 127 mi 204 km la paz arizona territory 1862 1870 131 mi 211 km parker s landing arizona territory 1864 1905 camp colorado arizona 1864 1869 200 mi 320 km parker arizona territory from 1908 203 mi 327 km empire flat arizona territory 1866 1905 210 mi 340 km bill williams river arizona 220 mi 350 km aubrey city arizona territory 1862 1888 220 mi 350 km chimehuevis landing california 240 mi 390 km liverpool landing arizona territory 242 mi 389 km grand turn arizona california 257 mi 414 km the needles mohave mountains arizona 263 mi 423 km mellen arizona territory 1890 1909 267 mi 430 km eastbridge arizona territory 1883 1890 279 mi 449 km needles california from 1883 282 mi 454 km iretaba city arizona territory 1864 298 mi 480 km fort mohave arizona territory 1859 1890 beale s crossing 1858 300 mi 480 km mohave city arizona territory 1864 1869 305 mi 491 km hardyville arizona territory 1864 1893 low water head of navigation 1864 1881 310 mi 500 km camp alexander arizona territory 1867 312 mi 502 km polhamus landing arizona territory low water head of navigation 1881 1882 315 mi 507 km pyramid canyon arizona nevada 316 mi 509 km cottonwood island nevada cottonwood valley 339 mi 546 km quartette nevada 1900 1906 342 mi 550 km murphyville arizona territory 1891 353 mi 568 km eldorado canyon nevada 1857 1905 colorado city nevada 1861 1905 365 mi 587 km explorer s rock black canyon of the colorado mouth arizona nevada 369 mi 594 km roaring rapids black canyon of the colorado arizona nevada 375 mi 604 km ringbolt rapids black canyon of the colorado arizona nevada 387 mi 623 km fortification rock nevada high water head of navigation 1858 1866 400 mi 640 km las vegas wash nevada 402 mi 647 km callville nevada 1864 1869 high water head of navigation 1866 1878 408 mi 657 km boulder canyon mouth arizona nevada 409 mi 658 km stone s ferry nevada 1866 1876 438 mi 705 km virgin river nevada 440 mi 710 km bonelli s ferry 1876 1935 rioville nevada 1869 1906 high water head of navigation from 1879 to 1887 440 mi 710 km once the backlog of cargo was relieved by the colorado johnson looked for ways to keep his boats from being idle he knew that brigham young wanted to establish a route to the mormon settlements in utah from the sea up the colorado river and that merchant interests had been interested in establishing trade with the mormons by the river route since 1852 when the uncle sam came to the river additionally there was the claim that the river was navigable by steamboat as far as the virgin river by the fur trapper antoine leroux who had successfully rafted down the colorado from the virgin river in 1837 in 1856 george a johnson was instrumental in getting the support for congressional funding a military expedition up the river with those funds johnson expected to provide the transportation for the expedition but was angry and disappointed when the commander of the expedition lt joseph christmas ives rejected his offer of one of his steamboats claiming its cost was too high ives a topographic engineer used the money to build his own steamboat the small iron hulled sternwheeler explorer in philadelphia test it disassemble and ship it to the colorado estuary there at robinson s landing ives spent a month assembling his steamboat launching it on december 30 1857 johnson had lent ives one of his men david c robinson as a pilot for the expedition which set off for fort yuma the next day meanwhile johnson had decided to conduct his own expedition up river at his own expense with the general jesup the war department concerned about deteriorating relations with the mormons in utah wanted to investigate the possibility of bringing troops into utah by steamboat up the colorado river fort yuma s commander provided rations a mountain howitzer and a detachment of 15 soldiers with the soldiers and 15 armed civilians johnson had also set off from the fort on december 31 the large crew aided in gathering wood for fuel along the way and twenty one days later johnson s party had reached the first rapids in pyramid canyon over 300 miles 480 km above fort yuma and 8 miles 13 km above the modern site of davis dam running low on food he turned back after viewing the river ahead continuing another 40 miles 64 km and believed he had proved the river could be navigated as far as the virgin river which he believed to be only 75 miles 121 km away 3 16 17 19 11 ives was disappointed to find johnson had gone ahead of him when his boat reached fort yuma and he followed after him however the unusually designed explorer was not suited to navigating the sandbar filled colorado in its low water phase and was continually running aground much to the delight of the yuma who came down to the river to watch them run aground on the next sandbar and mock the crew and their boat robinson eventually came to use their appearance as a warning of shoals ahead and made better progress but they made slow progress ascending the river gathering wood along the way on january 30 ives and robinson met johnson returning and he shared information about the conditions on the river above them robinson piloted the explorer above the point reached by johnson into the black canyon of the colorado where they struck a rock that damaged the boat 40 miles 64 km above where johnson reached ives named that rock explorer s rock 3 16 21 12 part 1 81 82 while the explorer was being repaired by his engineer ives robinson and the boat s mate took their skiff over the next two days farther up the river exploring up through the black canyon and beyond to the vicinity of fortification rock next day they went 1 mile 1 6 km farther to las vegas wash which ives thought might be the virgin river but had doubts because it seemed too small 12 part 1 85 87 the difficulties of the rapids above fortification rock convinced ives that the river at fortification rock was the practical head of navigation 550 miles 890 km above the mouth of the river i now determined not to try to ascend the colorado any further the water above the black canon had been shoal and the current swift rapids had occurred in such quick succession as to make navigation almost impossible and there would be no object in proceeding beyond the great bend the difficulties encountered in the canon were of a character to prevent a steamboat from attempting to traverse it at low water and we had seen drift wood lodged in clefts fifty feet above the river betokening a condition of things during the summer freshet that would render navigation more hazardous at that season than now it appeared therefore that the foot of the black canon should be considered the practical head of navigation and i concluded to have a reconnaissance made to connect that point with the mormon road and to let this finish the exploration of the navigable portion of the colorado 12 87 ives party returned easily in 6 7 hours believing that a steamboat of shallower draft than explorer in higher water could reach the area of fortification rock 3 16 21 12 87 following its return to fort yuma johnson bought the explorer took out its engine and used it as a barge to carry wood between the wood yards on the colorado river below fort yuma until it was swept away down river and lost in the delta in 1864 mohave war and the first gold rush on the colorado edit despite the successful exploration up the river the lands along the upper river did not begin to be settled until after the 1858 1859 mohave war and the establishment of fort mohave the general jesup and the newer stern wheeler colorado where engaged to carry troops and supplies up river for the mohave expeditions at 500 per day and thereafter contracted to support the army posts of camp gaston and camp mohave later fort mohave support of fort mohave became the first economic incentive for the steamboats up river this was soon followed by the support of settlements created by the rush to various gold and silver mining locations near the river in the next decades 3 23 24 with the discovery of the gila placers by jacob snively came the first arizona gold rush in 1858 1859 which created the ephemeral gila city just east of fort yuma on the gila river it also inspired the creation of the first opposition steamboat company to johnson s company the gila mining and transportation company in march 1859 it sent a disassembled 125 foot long by 25 foot beam stern wheel steamboat and a cargo including a steam engine to supply the gila mine with water to robinson s landing in the schooner arno however the whole cargo and the rival boat was lost there before it was ever unloaded the tidal bore tore loose arno s anchors driving the ship on a sandbar holing it sinking it in a half hour with the ship and cargo a total loss without the steam engine providing water for washing out the gold at the mine a mile from the gila river american miners could not work it profitably and the town soon was mostly abandoned only sonora miners familiar with dry wash techniques stayed and made it pay 3 31 33 13 14 15 also early in 1859 placer gold was found 18 miles 29 km above fort yuma at the pot holes on the west bank of the colorado river in california these diggings had been previously worked by spanish miners from mission san pedro y san pablo de bicuñer in 1781 in august 1859 johnson retired the general jesup and replaced it with the 140 foot cocopah assembled and launched at gridiron in sonora and captained by david c robinson its shallow 19 inch draft and stern wheel was better suited to transit the upper colorado route and was the model for all the steamboats on the river thereafter from 1859 prospectors dispersed up the colorado river valley in the next few years finding gold deposits along the river as far as the black canyon in 1860 gold was found across the colorado river from potholes in arizona in placers at la laguna the strikes that followed in the next four years would make george a johnson and his two partners wealthy 3 23 33 civil war colorado river mining boom and opposition lines edit civil war and the colorado river edit by march 1861 the secession crisis had led to the closing of the butterfield overland mail february 19 1861 the bascom affair led to the first of the wars with the apache cutting arizona off from the rest of new mexico territory to the east and reduced mining activity in southern arizona to next to nothing federal troops were withdrawn from fort mohave to secure southern california for the union others at fort buchanan were withdrawn to the rio grande to confront the confederate advance toward santa fe what little commerce came into arizona came from sonora or from the river port at arizona city when federal troops were withdrawn and desperate for protection from the apache the southern half of new mexico territory declared for the confederacy late in 1861 in response to the establishment of confederate arizona california volunteers of the union army took control of the yuma ferries built up the garrison and provisions at fort yuma and strengthened its fortifications all with supplies brought from san francisco with the aid of johnson s steamboats the california column launched its campaign to cut off the confederate army of the new mexico campaign and retake confederate arizona in 1862 and based its subsequent occupation of new mexico territory on its depot in arizona city again provisioned by johnson s steamboats when fort mohave was reoccupied by california volunteers in 1864 it was supplied as before by johnson s steamboats these federal contracts were the base of johnson s revenue but it was soon greatly supplemented by a mining boom colorado river mining boom edit v t e financial bubbles market trend credit cycle irrational exuberance social contagion real estate bubble stock market bubble commercial revolution 1000 1760 tulip mania 1634 1637 mississippi bubble 1684 1720 south sea bubble 1711 1720 bengal bubble of 1769 1757 1769 1st industrial revolution 1760 1840 canal mania c 1790 c 1810 carolina gold rush 1802 1825 1810s alabama real estate bubble georgia gold rush 1828 c 1840 1830s chicago real estate bubble chilean silver rush 1832 1850 1840 1870 railway mania c 1840 c 1850 california gold rush 1848 1855 queen charlottes gold rush 1851 victorian gold rush 1851 c 1870 new south wales gold rush 1851 1880 australian gold rushes 1851 1914 fraser canyon gold rush 1858 pike s peak gold rush 1858 1861 rock creek gold rush 1859 pennsylvania oil rush 1859 1891 similkameen gold rush 1860 stikine gold rush 1861 colorado river mining boom 1861 1864 otago gold rush 1861 1864 cariboo gold rush 1861 1867 first nova scotia gold rush 1861 1874 west coast gold rush 1864 1867 big bend gold rush c 1865 vermilion lake gold rush 1865 1867 kildonan gold rush 1869 omineca gold rush 1869 2nd industrial revolution 1870 1914 1870s lapland gold rush coromandel gold rushes c 1870 c 1890 cassiar gold rush c 1870 c 1890 black hills gold rush 1874 1880 colorado silver boom 1879 1893 western australian gold rushes c 1880 c 1900 indiana gas boom c 1880 1903 ohio oil rush c 1880 c 1930 tierra del fuego gold rush 1883 1906 cayoosh gold rush 1884 witwatersrand gold rush 1886 encilhamento 1886 1890 cripple creek gold rush c 1890 c 1910 klondike gold rush 1896 1899 second nova scotia gold rush 1896 1903 kobuk river stampede 1897 1899 mount baker gold rush 1897 c 1925 nome gold rush 1899 1909 fairbanks gold rush c 1900 1918 texas oil boom 1901 1918 cobalt silver rush 1903 1918 porcupine gold rush 1909 1918 interwar period 1918 1939 1920s florida land boom c 1920 1925 fairbanks gold rush 1918 c 1930 texas oil boom 1918 1945 cobalt silver rush 1918 c 1930 porcupine gold rush 1918 1945 1930s kakamega gold rush third nova scotia gold rush 1932 1942 post wwii expansion 1945 1973 texas oil boom 1945 c 1950 porcupine gold rush 1945 c 1960 poseidon bubble 1969 1970 the great inflation 1973 ...
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