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lated changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia species and nominate of fish westslope cutthroat trout conservation status apparently secure natureserve 1 scientific classification kingdom animalia phylum chordata class actinopterygii division teleostei order salmoniformes family salmonidae genus oncorhynchus species o lewisi subspecies o l lewisi trinomial name oncorhynchus lewisi lewisi g suckley 1856 the historic distribution of westslope cutthroat trout in the united states modified from behnke 1992 the large region consists primarily of the upper columbia river and upper missouri river basins some waters in the eastern part of this region may not have been occupied historically mtfwp in litt 1998 also shown are the lake chelan and methow river drainages in washington and the john day river drainage in oregon 2 synonyms 3 salmo mykiss lewisi jordan and evermann 1896 salmo clarkii lewisi jordan and evermann 1898 salar lewisi suckley 1856 salmo clarkii alpestris drymond 1931 main article cutthroat trout the westslope cutthroat trout oncorhynchus lewisi 4 is a freshwater salmonid in the cutthroat trout complex 5 the nominate subspecies also known as the missouri river cutthroat trout is oncorhynchus lewisi lewisi the westslope cutthroat trout is the montana state fish 6 the westslope cutthroat trout is a species of concern in montana 7 and british columbia 8 ranges and is considered threatened in its native range in alberta 9 taxonomy edit the scientific name of the westslope cutthroat trout is oncorhynchus lewisi 10 11 as it was first described in the journals of explorer william clark from specimens obtained during the lewis and clark expedition from the missouri river near great falls montana cutthroat trout were given the name salmo clarki in honor of william clark who co led the expedition of 1804 1806 12 one of lewis and clark s missions was to describe the flora and fauna encountered during the expedition the type specimen of s clarki was described by naturalist john richardson in 1836 from a tributary of the lower columbia river identified as the katpootl 12 which was perhaps the lewis river as there was a multnomah village of similar name at the confluence this type specimen was most likely the coastal cutthroat subspecies 13 in 1853 naturalist george suckley while working for the pacific railroad survey led by isaac stevens collected specimens of westslope cutthroat trout by fly fishing below the great falls on the missouri river in 1856 he described the trout as salar lewisi to honor explorer meriwether lewis 14 in david starr jordan and barton warren evermann s a check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of north and middle america 1896 the name salmo mykiss lewisi was given to yellowstone trout or cut throat trout and included a reference to specimens collected from the missouri river by george suckley 15 in 1898 jordan and evermann changed the name of cutthroat trout to salmo clarki 16 salmo clarki lewisi persisted as the subspecies name for both the yellowstone cutthroat and westslope cutthroat trout until 1971 when fisheries biologist robert j behnke gave the name salmo clarki bouvieri to the yellowstone cutthroat with salmo clarki lewisi reserved for the westslope cutthroat trout 13 in 1989 morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the pacific basin were genetically closer to pacific salmon oncorhynchus species than to the salmo s brown trout s trutta or atlantic salmon s salar of the atlantic basin 17 thus in 1989 taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow cutthroat and other pacific basin trout into the genus oncorhynchus 18 this single species o clarkii classification is now changed 10 11 19 genetic taxonomic and geologic studies 20 21 have determined that cutthroat trout should be divided into four distinct species with each having multiple subspecies corresponding to the evolutionary lineages 22 found within major river basins except for the coastal cutthroat trout 23 4 subspecies edit common name scientific name range image missouri river cutthroat trout o lewisi lewisi native to the missouri river drainage from the judith river upstream to the headwaters captain meriwether lewis of the lewis and clark expedition described trout caught near the great falls of the missouri river in montana on june 13th 1805 24 25 missouri river cutthroat trout neoboreal cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp largest native range of all westslope cutthroat and are native to parts of the upper columbia fraser and saskatchewan watersheds in washington idaho montana british columbia and alberta several disjunct populations in british columbia that were initially classified as a distinct subspecies the alpine cutthroat 26 but based on taxonomic characteristics and genetics these populations clearly align with the neoboreal cutthroat 27 25 neoboreal cutthroat trout from the middle fork flathead river coeur d alene cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp native to the coeur d alene river drainage in northern idaho 24 25 coeur d alene cutthroat trout st joe cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp native the st joe watershed of the idaho panhandle neoboreal subspecies inhabit the lower reaches of the coeur d alene and st joe watersheds it remains uncertain what factors distinguish them from the st joe westslope cutthroat or whether these neoboreal fish are native to these watersheds 24 25 st joe cutthroat north fork clearwater cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp native to the north fork clearwater river and its tributaries including kelly creek in idaho 24 25 north fork clearwater cutthroat trout clearwater headwater cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp restricted to the upper selway river upstream of selway falls and the south fork clearwater approximately upstream of the crooked river the exact boundary is currently not known 24 25 clearwater headwater cutthroat trout clearwater eastern cascades cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp native to the mainstem clearwater river locsha and lower selway rivers in idaho as well as the eastern cascade mountains from the methow river to the yakima river in washington state 24 25 28 clearwater eastern cascades cutthroat trout salmon river cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp native to the salmon river watershed in central idaho 24 25 29 clearwater eastern cascades cutthroat trout john day cutthroat trout o lewisi ssp native to about 220 miles 355 km of 41 tributaries to the john day river watershed in oregon has the smallest and southern most range of all westslope cutthroat 24 25 30 john day cutthroat trout description edit the fish has teeth under its tongue on the roof of the mouth and in the front of the mouth 31 westslope cutthroat are common in both headwaters lake and stream environments like most other cutthroat trout they are opportunistic feeders with diverse diets and as their size increases so does their food some of their primary forage frequently imitated by fly fishers include macroinvertebrates such as caddisflies stoneflies mayflies and aquatic dipterans including midges and craneflies in adult larval and pupal stages they will also prey on ants beetles spiders grasshoppers and crickets and aquatic items including crayfish freshwater molluscs fish eggs shrimp and other crustaceans and other fish generally they adjust their diet and feeding behavior due to factors such as food availability habitat age and size 32 33 the average length of the fish is about 12 15 inches 300 400 mm and rarely exceeds 18 inches 46 cm 34 the skin has small dark freckle like spots clustered towards the tail and is mostly orange hued they can be distinguished from rainbow trout by the red pink or orange marking beneath the jaw hence the name cutthroat range edit a rangemap of westslope cutthroat subspecies westslope cutthroat trout are native in northern idaho s and british columbia s upper columbia river system and northern tributaries of the snake river but not the snake river s main stem to the south east of the continental divide in alberta and montana westslope cutthroat trout are native to the upper missouri milk and north saskatchewan rivers but not the yellowstone river to the south in montana the historic range extended east to the mouth of the judith river and south into the madison gallatin and jefferson river systems 14 isolated populations of westslope cutthroat trout exist in upper tributaries of the john day river in the strawberry mountains of oregon 35 and columbia river tributaries along the eastern side of the cascade range in washington isolated populations exist in the fraser river basin in british columbia 14 existing populations of genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout exist in less than three percent of its historic range life cycle edit westslope cutthroat trout reflect three life strategies adfluvial fluvial or stream resident adfluvial fish live in the large lakes in the upper columbia river drainage and spawn in lake tributaries fluvial fish live in medium to large rivers but migrate to tributaries for spawning most adults return to the river or lake after spawning stream resident fish complete their entire life in tributaries all three forms occur in most basins 36 conservation edit genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout have been extirpated throughout most of their historic range due to habitat loss and introduction of non native species remaining populations survive in isolated populations mostly in headwater streams above natural downstream barriers the introduction of rainbow and brown trout into missouri river tributaries eliminated the westslope cutthroat trout from most of its eastern range in montana introductions of non native kokanee salmon oncorhynchus nerka lake trout salvelinus namaycush and lake whitefish coregonus clupeaformis into flathead lake and the flathead river system caused drastic declines in westslope cutthroat trout populations 14 existing populations are in imminent danger from land use activities and hybridization with introduced rainbow trout resulting in cutbows 37 and yellowstone cutthroat trout even the strongest populations in glacier national park and the flathead basin of montana are in serious decline reasons for the critical condition of the subspecies include habitat destruction from logging road building grazing mining urban development agriculture and dams introduction of non native hatchery strains competition and hybridization from introduced non native fish species 38 notes edit natureserve 2 february 2024 oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi natureserve network biodiversity location data accessed through natureserve explorer arlington virginia natureserve retrieved 7 february 2024 deeds scott a kaeding lynn r lohr samuel c young douglas a campton don duke steve mogen jim t september 1999 status review for westslope cutthroat trout in the united states u s fish and wildlife service p 7 retrieved 2014 02 20 synonyms of oncorhynchus clarkii richardson 1836 fishbase retrieved 2014 02 19 1 2 page lawrence m bemis katherine e espinosa pérez héctor s findley lloyd t gilbert carter r hartel karsten e lea robert n mandrak nicholas e neighbors margaret a 2023 common and scientific names of fishes from the united states canada and mexico special publication eighth ed bethesda american fisheries society isbn 978 1 934874 69 1 montana field guide westslope cutthroat montana department of fish wildlife and parks retrieved 2010 12 11 1 1 507 state fish archived 2013 01 17 at the wayback machine montana code accessed 23 april 2009 montana field guide species of concern retrieved 2010 12 07 aquatic species at risk the westslope cutthroat trout british columbia population fisheries and oceans canada retrieved 2014 02 19 aquatic species at risk the westslope cutthroat trout alberta population fisheries and oceans canada retrieved 2014 02 19 1 2 trotter p p bisson b roper l schultz c ferraris g r smith and r f stearley 2018 a special workshop on the taxonomy and evolutionary biology of cutthroat trout pages 1 31 in trotter p bisson p schultz l roper b editors cutthroat trout evolutionary biology and taxonomy special publication 36 american fisheries society bethesda maryland 1 2 love stowell metcalf markle stearly 2018 trotter bisson shultz roper eds species conceptualization and delimitation a framework for the taxonomic revision of cutthroat trout cutthroat trout evolutionary biology and taxonomy american fisheries society doi 10 47886 9781934874509 ch2 isbn 978 1 934874 50 9 retrieved 2024 08 13 1 2 richardson john william swainson william kirby 1836 fauna boreali americana or the zoology of the northern parts of british america containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition under command of captain sir john franklin r n london j murray pp 225 226 1 2 behnke robert j tomelleri joseph r illustrator 2002 cutthroat trout oncorhynchus clarki trout and salmon of north america the free press pp 137 234 isbn 0 7432 2220 2 1 2 3 4 behnke robert j tomelleri joseph r illustrator 2002 westslope cutthroat trout oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi trout and salmon of north america the free press pp 155 162 isbn 0 7432 2220 2 jordan david starr evermann barton warren 1896 a check list of the fishes and fishlike vertebrates of north and middle america u s commission of fish and fisheries p 291 jordan david starr evermann barton warren 1898 the fishes of north and middle america part iii smithsonian institution p 2819 smith gerald r stearley ralph f 1989 the classification and scientific names of rainbow and cutthroat trouts pdf fisheries 14 1 american fisheries society 4 10 bibcode 1989fish 14a 4s doi 10 1577 1548 8446 1989 014 0004 tcasno 2 0 co 2 hdl 2027 42 140998 behnke robert j tomelleri joseph r illustrator 2002 genus oncorhynchus trout and salmon of north america the free press pp 10 21 isbn 0 7432 2220 2 schultz thompson cathcart williams 2018 trotter bisson shultz roper eds where the rubber meets the road further research needs and implications for cutthroat trout management cutthroat trout evolutionary biology and taxonomy american fisheries society doi 10 47886 9781934874509 ch14 isbn 978 1 934874 50 9 retrieved 2024 08 21 link keeley 2018 trotter bisson shultz roper eds geologic constraints on snake columbia river drainage changes and the associated evolutionary diversification of cutthroat trout over the past 17 million years cutthroat trout evolutionary biology and taxonomy american fisheries society doi 10 47886 9781934874509 ch3 isbn 978 1 934874 50 9 retrieved 2024 08 13 smith stearly 2018 trotter bisson shultz roper eds the fossil record of cutthroat trout implications for evolution and conservation cutthroat trout evolutionary biology and taxonomy american fisheries society thorgaard brunelli...
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