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effect on a country s long term economic growth this reduction in trade can particularly impact small open economies that rely on international trade for their profits in particular the european central bank states that reshoring or rather relocating production back to a company s original country can reduce international trade and cross border investment restricting the exchange of productivity gains between countries 25 supply chain disruptions edit deglobalization can lead to increased production costs and supply chain inefficiencies rbc wealth management highlights that persistent protectionism such as trade barriers and tariffs can cause higher outcomes for companies greater disruptions in supply chains and difficulties in obtaining certain goods 26 similarly geopolitical futures states that limiting access to international labour markets can increase production costs resulting in goods with higher prices and reduced availability of certain products or services 27 innovation and technological advancement edit innovation and technology can be effected by the restriction of global trade as well leading to a slow economic growth open markets facilitate collaboration investment in research and development and the rapid spread of new technologies and human talent pool across borders when countries enter a period of deglobalization they risk isolating their innovation making it harder to contribute to global developments in fields like artificial intelligence 28 geopolitical tensions edit reduced international cooperation can increase tensions between countries and thereafter risks of conflicts as trade interdependence decreases the likelihood of a country experiencing at least one war by 2035 increases going from 0 6 in a globalized context to 3 7 in a deglobalized world 29 however while considering global threats such as pandemics chatham house observes that they cannot be contained by borders and different responses form countries can make the effects worse 30 additionally the world trade organization analyse how increased protectionism and trade tensions between major economies like the us and china is a threat to the global financial stability and its economic growth 31 international political economy of deglobalization edit deglobalization has also been used as a political agenda item or a term in framing the debate on a new world economic order for example by walden bello in his 2005 book deglobalization 32 one of the prominent examples of deglobalization movement could be found in the united states of america where the bush and obama administration instituted buy american act clause as party of massive stimulus package which was designed to favor american made goods over traded goods likewise the eu has imposed new subsidies to protect their agricultural sectors for their own protection these movements of deglobalization can be seen as the example of how developed nations react to the 2008 financial crisis through deglobalization movements 33 recently a change in the pattern of anti globalism has been observed anti globalism now has a strong foothold in the global north and among right wing conservative politicians 34 with much different attitudes in the global south particular among the brics countries see also edit anti globalization movement i m backing britain trade to gdp ratio references edit new york university department of sociology 2013 the sociology project united states of america pearson p 569 isbn 978 0 205 09382 3 hoekman bernhard 2015 the global trade slowdown a new normal pdf florence european university institute 2015 cepr voxeu cite book cs1 maint location link dead link lamy pascal köhler suzuki nicolas june 9 2022 deglobalization is not inevitable foreign affairs bordo michael september 2017 the second era of globalization is not yet over an historical perspective pdf nber working paper no 23786 doi 10 3386 w23786 martin mervyn 2018 keeping it real debunking the deglobalization myth brexit and trump lessons on integration journal of international trade law and policy submitted manuscript 17 62 68 doi 10 1108 jitlp 06 2017 0020 archived from the original on november 16 2018 retrieved november 5 2018 chase dunn christopher álvarez alexis liao yuhao may 12 2023 waves of structural deglobalization a world systems perspective social sciences 12 5 301 doi 10 3390 socsci12050301 issn 2076 0760 o rourke kevin hjortshøj 2019 economic history and contemporary challenges to globalization the journal of economic history 79 2 356 382 doi 10 1017 s0022050719000044 issn 0022 0507 james harold 2018 deglobalization the rise of disembedded unilateralism annual review of financial economics 10 219 237 doi 10 1146 annurev financial 110217 022625 issn 1941 1367 1 2 paul t v january 1 2023 the specter of deglobalization current history 122 840 3 8 doi 10 1525 curh 2023 122 840 3 issn 0011 3530 goldberg pinelopi reed tristan 2023 is the global economy deglobalizing and if so why and what is next report cambridge ma national bureau of economic research doi 10 3386 w31115 bergeijk peter ag steven brakman charles marrewijk 2017 heterogeneous economic resilience and the great recession s world trade collapse papers in regional science 96 1 3 12 bibcode 2017pregs 96 3v doi 10 1111 pirs 12279 hdl 1874 357486 simon j evenett johannes fritz will awe trump rules global trade alert retrieved march 13 2018 1 2 3 4 li xing 2024 md yassin azlina ed de globalizing trade in the wake of the covid 19 impacts and changes in the us china relation shs web of conferences 188 02017 doi 10 1051 shsconf 202418802017 issn 2261 2424 castañeda navarrete jennifer hauge jostein lópez gómez carlos 2020 covid 19 s impacts on global value chains as seen in the apparel industry development policy review 39 6 953 970 doi 10 1111 dpr 12539 issn 0950 6764 han zhuoyan 2022 research on the trend of deglobalization under the covid 19 pandemic proceedings of the 2022 international conference on social sciences and humanities and arts ssha 2022 vol 653 doi 10 2991 assehr k 220401 194 isbn 978 94 6239 560 2 cold war ii preserving economic cooperation amid geoeconomic fragmentation december 11 2023 archived from the original on december 12 2023 miegroet hans j van march 14 2022 bruegel jan i oxford art online oxford university press doi 10 1093 oao 9781884446054 013 60000100942 isbn 978 1 884446 05 4 retrieved march 15 2025 baldwin richard freeman rebecca theodorakopoulos angelos 2024 deconstructing deglobalization the future of trade is in intermediate services asian economic policy review 19 1 18 37 doi 10 1111 aepr 12440 issn 1748 3131 leblang david peters margaret e may 12 2022 immigration and globalization and deglobalization annual review of political science 25 377 399 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 051120 105059 issn 1094 2939 eichenauer vera z wang feicheng 2024 mild deglobalization foreign investment screening and cross border investment doi 10 2139 ssrn 5054315 hdl 10419 287757 retrieved march 14 2025 mayer maximilian nock philip j 2025 digital fragmentations technological sovereignty and new perspectives on the global digital political economy global political economy 4 1 2 13 doi 10 1332 26352257y2024d000000029 issn 2635 2257 zahoor nadia wu jie khan huda khan zaheer 2023 de globalization international trade protectionism and the reconfigurations of global value chains management international review 63 5 823 859 doi 10 1007 s11575 023 00522 4 hdl 2164 22272 issn 0938 8249 leblang david peters margaret e 2022 immigration and globalization and deglobalization annual review of political science 25 377 399 doi 10 1146 annurev polisci 051120 105059 issn 1094 2939 lai kevin wang tao xu david september 1 2021 capital controls and international trade an industry financial vulnerability perspective journal of international money and finance 116 102399 doi 10 1016 j jimonfin 2021 102399 issn 0261 5606 di sano martina gunnella vanessa lebastard laura july 12 2023 deglobalisation risk or reality european central bank taravandenberg july 14 2023 worlds apart risks and opportunities as deglobalization looms rbc wealth management asia retrieved march 18 2025 futures geopolitical march 9 2023 political risks associated with deglobalization geopolitical futures retrieved march 18 2025 góes carlos bekkers eddy 2022 the impact of geopolitical conflicts on trade growth and innovation arxiv 2203 12173 econ gn hillebrand evan e may 21 2010 deglobalization scenarios who wins who loses global economy journal 10 2 1850197 doi 10 2202 1524 5861 1611 issn 2194 5659 what is deglobalization chatham house international affairs think tank www chathamhouse org october 17 2021 retrieved march 18 2025 wto an economic analysis of the us china trade conflict www wto org retrieved march 18 2025 walden bello deglobalization ideas for a new world economy zed books 2005 isbn 9781842775455 office of the law revision counsel u s code us house of representatives archived from the original on august 6 2012 retrieved january 2 2013 rory horner daniel haberly seth schindler yuko aoyama january 25 2018 how anti globalisation switched from a left to a right wing issue and where it will go next the conversation retrieved march 13 2018 v t e global governance and identity proposals united nations parliamentary assembly world constitution world government world federalism world taxation system flag theories cosmopolitanism democratic globalization democratic mundialization global apartheid global citizenship global governance globalism internationalism transnational governance world currency organisations global citizens movement world federalist movement institute for global policy world service authority campaign for world government world constitution and parliament association provisional world government world portal v t e globalization journals outline studies aspects alter globalization anti globalization movement left right cultural globalization deglobalization democratic globalization economic globalization economic integration environmental globalization financial integration fiscal union global citizenship education global financial system global governance global health law global migration global politics global workforce globality harmonisation of law history of archaic early modern military globalization political globalization regional integration trade bloc trade globalization issues global balance of trade capital outflow capital flight climate change climate justice climate migration criticisms foreign ownership disease covid 19 pandemic digital divide labor arbitrage monetary sovereignty multilingualism population tariff engineering tax havens offshore financial centres tax inversions trafficking arms children drugs endangered species human sex value added tax water crisis other brain drain reverse care drain development aid economic inequality endangered languages fair trade forced displacement human rights illicit financial flows imperialism academic cultural linguistic media scientific social invasive species investor state disputes mcdonaldization new international division of labour north south divide offshoring race to the bottom pollution havens reverse discrimination transnational crime westernization world war theories capital accumulation dependency development earth system fiscal localism free trade globalism modernization ecological history of neoliberalism primitive accumulation social change world history world systems notable scholars economics david autor richard baldwin ravi batra jagdish bhagwati robert brenner jayati ghosh michael hudson branko milanović kevin o rourke thomas piketty dani rodrik jeffrey sachs amartya sen joseph stiglitz political economy samir amin giovanni arrighi robert w cox andre gunder frank stephen gill barry k gills peter gowan david harvey ronen palan susan strange robert wade politics sociology arjun appadurai daniele archibugi k anthony appiah ulrich beck walden bello jean baudrillard zygmunt bauman manuel castells christopher chase dunn alfred crosby nancy fraser susan george anthony giddens michael hardt david held paul hirst l h m ling antonio negri george ritzer saskia sassen john urry immanuel wallerstein other noam chomsky thomas friedman naomi klein john r saul vandana shiva category business portal v t e international trade terminology absolute advantage balance of payments balance of trade capital account comparative advantage current account export oriented industrialization fair trade foreign exchange reserves globalization global labor arbitrage import substitution industrialization multinational corporation net capital outflow outsourcing tariff trade justice trade war trading nation organizations and policies international monetary fund un trade and development world bank group world trade organization international trade centre international chamber of commerce bilateral investment treaty economic integration incoterms ata carnet free trade zone special economic zone trade agreement trade barrier trade bloc political economy free trade adam smith the wealth of nations corn laws mercantilism protectionism economic nationalism autarky dedollarisation withdrawal from the eurozone regional organizations americas andean community caribbean community central american integration system mercosur asia pacific association of southeast asian nations regional comprehensive economic partnership south asian association for regional cooperation europe central asia and north asia customs union of the eurasian economic union eurasian economic union european union customs union middle east and north africa arab customs union gulf cooperation council subsaharan africa east african community economic and monetary community of central africa southern african customs union west african economic and monetary union exports by product aircraft spacecraft aircraft parts aluminium car parts coal coffee computers copper corn cotton diamonds electricity electronics engines gas turbines gold integrated circuits iron ore live animals natural gas oil petrol pharmaceuticals photovoltaics ships steel telecommunications equipment telephones textiles trucks vehicles wheat wine category retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title deglobalization oldid 1374376316 categories cultural geography economic geography globalization world government hidden categories articles with short description short description is different from wikidata use mdy dates from december 2017 cs1 maint location all articles with dead external links articles with dead external links from february 2026 this page was last edited on 11 september 2026 at 17 34 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia 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