Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
dispute, of, byzantine, holy, roman, period, the, empire, background, and, ottoman, russian, cited, problem, two, emperors, contents, eastern, disputes, early, modern, leonese, iconography, timeline, rival, empires, see, also, footnotes, references, external, links, political, rome, idea, universal, carolingian, ottonian, hohenstaufen, restoration, bulgarian, georgian, rump, states, citations, bibliography, web, sources, imperial, ideology, louis, ii, basil, frederick, barbarossa, crusade, threats, henry, vi, latin,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1792), and (553), empire (294), #emperor (242), was (232), roman (190), byzantine (169), his (147), that (145), emperors (110), with (108), title (98), holy (96), had (96), constantinople (85), imperial (83), for (83), not (82), which (75), russian (72), isbn (71), from (71), their (71), ottoman (61), king (55), german (53), were (53), but (53), latin (51), iii (51), tsar (51), also (50), romans (48), would (47), barbarossa (45), this (44), after (44), west (43), russia (43), history (42), its (42), who (42), pope (42), church (39), only (39), byzantines (37), rome (36), eastern (35), edit (35), been (35), louis (34), von (34), western (34), such (34), john (33), dispute (33), they (33), two (32), other (32), between (32), him (32), recognized (32), used (31), all (31), under (30), century (30), ivan (30), isaac (30), great (29), 2001 (29), though (29), michael (28), charlemagne (28), crusade (28), imperator (28), idea (28), time (27), have (27), greek (26), letter (26), himself (26), did (25), 978 (25), henry (25), rulers (25), than (25), ruler (25), against (25), bulgarian (24), university (24), press (24), frederick (24), otto (24), one (24), even (24), claim (24), more (23), world (23), reiche (23), universal (23), orthodox (22), new (22), into (22), over (22), problem (21), east (21), germany (21), italy (21), sultan (21), being (21), claimed (21), themselves (21), still (21), basileus (21), saw (21), first (20), europe (20), 2019 (20), referred (20), city (20), until (20), historical (19), 1204 (19), coronation (19), brand (19), 1968 (19), kings (19), political (18), peter (18), 2021 (18), power (18), empires (18), called (18), when (18), use (17), rule (17), through (17), became (17), could (17), god (17), sources (16), trebizond (16), charles (16), kingdom (16), bulgaria (16), papal (16), war (16), basil (16), 2016 (16), 2010 (16), georgia (16), third (16), treaty (16), during (16), although (16), ottomans (16), recognize (16), her (16), alliance (16), following (16), crowned (16), rather (16), army (16), romanorum (16), cs1 (15), european (15), imperii (15), 2014 (15), byzantium (15), christian (15), irene (15), grand (15), both (15), term (15), authority (15), continued (15), death (15), augustus (15), son (15), relations (14), retrieved (14), states (14), france (14), 2012 (14), peace (14), moscow (14), nicol (14), titles (14), mehmed (14), later (14), own (14), patriarch (14), prince (14), same (14), last (13), modern (13), union (13), des (13), liutprand (13), van (13), 2011 (13), 2009 (13), nikephoros (13), theodore (13), these (13), patriarchate (13), equal (13), alexios (13), language (12), christianity (12), medieval (12), religious (12), manuel (12), second (12), early (12), der (12), 1997 (12), und (12), 1967 (12), sultans (12), fine (12), caesar (12), see (12), claims (12), them (12), instead (12), there (12), itself (12), viii (12), franks (12), turkish (11), different (11), catholic (11), constantine (11), council (11), succession (11), cambridge (11), doi (11), vol (11), 1999 (11), centuries (11), georgian (11), 1994 (11), held (11), some (11), seen (11), catherine (11), refused (11), brother (11), formally (11), granted (11), despite (11), control (11), legitimate (11), eventually (11), while (11), considered (11), period (11), komnenos (11), doukas (11), simply (11), using (10), rival (10), diplomatic (10), people (10), die (10), tricht (10), ideology (10), state (10), recognition (10), kołodziejczyk (10), documents (10), bennigsen (10), 1986 (10), out (10), adopted (10), probably (10), accepted (10), right (10), successors (10), embassy (10), like (10), position (10), main (10), true (10), terms (9), lord (9), tradition (9), translatio (9), january (9), maximilian (9), pdf (9), eds (9), routledge (9), papacy (9), verlag (9), reign (9), nicaea (9), geanakoplos (9), most (9), burkhardt (9), angelov (9), kingdoms (9), greeks (9), dynasty (9), palaiologos (9), tribute (9), argued (9), addressed (9), then (9), officially (9), tsardom (9), began (9), soon (9), conquered (9), wars (9), since (9), simeon (9), frankish (9), leo (9), multiple (8), carolingian (8), diplomacy (8), ancient (8), military (8), 2025 (8), fall (8), 2013 (8), imperium (8), order (8), 1261 (8), 180 (8), 2006 (8), crimean (8), poland (8), garcía (8), gallo (8), 1945 (8), late (8), 2004 (8), citing (8), style (8), major (8), within (8), successor (8), further (8), are (8), according (8), ended (8), remained (8), thus (8), rejected (8), stopped (8), borders (8), any (8), due (8), throne (8), never (8), support (8), marriage (8), once (8), popes (8), having (8), germans (8), governor (8), each (8), toggle (7), view (7), wikipedia (7), policy (7), text (7), historiography (7), saladin (7), theory (7), background (7), religion (7), will (7), predecessors (7), 1973 (7), official (7), rise (7), half (7), muldoon (7), foreign (7), khan (7), 1959 (7), eastmond (7), house (7), battle (7), believed (7), restored (7), independent (7), return (7), made (7), towards (7), meant (7), monarchs (7), polish (7), plans (7), left (7), attempted (7), less (7), august (7), lands (7), before (7), what (7), autocrat (7), explicitly (7), furthermore (7), deposed (7), thessalonica (7), asen (7), angelos (7), baldwin (7), bulgarians (7), either (7), because (7), threat (7), received (7), sicily (7), land (7), moderator (7), contents (6), maint (6), serbia (6), politics (6), disputes (6), kai (6), greece (6), churches (6), study (6), long (6), years (6), earth (6), 2023 (6), 2002 (6), jstor (6), oxford (6), 1936 (6), brill (6), link (6), cite (6), 1976 (6), james (6), innocent (6), schmitt (6), 2022 (6), 2003 (6), madgearu (6), 188 (6), 15th (6), 1987 (6), 11th (6), 1453 (6), debertol (6), kayser (6), vii (6), issue (6), claiming (6), division (6), legacy (6), eagle (6), alongside (6), gave (6), lost (6), part (6), old (6), established (6), appointed (6), willing (6), autokrator (6), plan (6), anti (6), end (6), elected (6), coins (6), sent (6), status (6), titled (6), nicene (6), name (6), reached (6), attempt (6), fourth (6), rump (6), become (6), sole (6), crown (6), fact (6), campaign (6), regards (6), deo (6), coronatus (6), crusaders (6), way (6), philippopolis (6), perceived (6), proclaimed (6), often (6), ethnicity (6), temporal (6), may (5), you (5), page (5), service (5), spanish (5), former (5), united (5), joseph (5), alexander (5), golden (5), opposition (5), information (5), society (5), studies (5), year (5), historians (5), cremona (5), mission (5), 2020 (5), 1606 (5), das (5), 1648 (5), vasilev (5), zur (5), 101 (5), encyclopedia (5), vatatzes (5), philip (5), conflict (5), ferdinand (5), crusades (5), setton (5), book (5), kaiser (5), schlieben (5), rapp (5), poe (5), maria (5), how (5), ideas (5), 2017 (5), lithuania (5), geier (5), conquest (5), 172 (5), around (5), stefan (5), princes (5), browning (5), 1992 (5), references (5), persian (5), rûm (5), general (5), serbian (5), headed (5), habsburg (5), account (5), version (5), now (5), florence (5), suzerainty (5), fell (5), agreed (5), already (5), declared (5), spiritual (5), christians (5), padişah (5), changed (5), court (5), ceased (5), mostly (5), times (5), divine (5), 162 (5), kazan (5), replaced (5), vassal (5), intended (5), neither (5), well (5), possible (5), where (5), earlier (5), nevertheless (5), majesty (5), several (5), including (5), transferred (5), transfer (5), primarily (5), much (5), calling (5), came (5), palaiologan (5), antiquity (5), inspired (5), latins (5), restoration (5), daughter (5), referring (5), direct (5), attack (5), throughout (5), open (5), events (5), little (5), aspired (5), envoys (5), ethnic (5), situation (5), caused (5), ambassadors (5), 1189 (5), destroy (5), illustrated (5), gens (5), subsection (5), search (4), non (4), location (4), missing (4), publisher (4), italian (4), hungarian (4), articles (4), william (4), historicity (4), others (4), cult (4), science (4), thought (4), islamic (4), age (4), supremacy (4), women (4), related (4), list (4), critical (4), chronicles (4), historian (4), translation (4), links (4), geschichte (4), 2018 (4), 1996 (4), bis (4), cited (4), ziegler (4), wilson (4), tatar (4), culture (4), sweeney (4), strauss (4), constitution (4), shevzov (4), 1975 (4), levant (4), thirteenth (4), schneidmüller (4), akademie (4), written (4), past (4), petrova (4), 109 (4), catholicism (4), 579 (4), 800 (4), 1926 (4), art (4), 182 (4), crusader (4), 2015 (4), mediterranean (4), issues (4), 1993 (4), hoffmann (4), 178 (4), 1988 (4), 1282 (4), 802 (4), alfonso (4), 163 (4), madariaga (4), influence (4), present (4), asatiani (4), janelidze (4), 211 (4), 201 (4), establishment (4), 171 (4), 181 (4), 194 (4), 198 (4), khans (4), 120 (4), 212 (4), 118 (4), arab (4), orders (4), ahmed (4), powers (4), among (4), struggle (4), similar (4), hegemony (4), schism (4), double (4), coat (4), arms (4), austrian (4), 1806 (4), based (4), call (4), refer (4), our (4), castile (4), león (4), england (4), rex (4), least (4), article (4), empress (4), invasion (4), conquering (4), collapse (4), correspondence (4), opposed (4), acted (4), horde (4), astrakhan (4), described (4), venice (4), sweden (4), immediately (4), offered (4), acknowledged (4), brought (4), northern (4), example (4), proposal (4), monarch (4), royal (4), those (4), shortly (4), formed (4), negotiations (4), single (4), accept (4), sovereign (4), faith (4), place (4), path (4), deriving (4), point (4), citizens (4), expressed (4), refusal (4), increasingly (4), returned (4), restoring (4), led (4), controlled (4), threatened (4), david (4), abandoned (4), proposed (4), realm (4), epirus (4), pretenders (4), near (4), muslims (4), divided (4), ruled (4), restore (4), submission (4), large (4), provinces (4), represented (4), anjou (4), subjects (4), letters (4), possibly (4), dispatched (4), imprisoned (4), back (4), norman (4), divisio (4), clear (4), semper (4), previous (4), rest (4), cilician (4), armenia (4), force (4), threats (4), bosporus (4), thrace (4), relented (4), markets (4), gentes (4), usurpation (4), lombards (4), woman (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), topic (3), languages (3), about (3), foundation (3), archival (3), pages (3), containing (3), short (3), dissolution (3), national (3), international (3), muhammad (3), islam (3), thomas (3), nelson (3), gregory (3), soviet (3), north (3), albania (3), middle (3), ages (3), myth (3), protestant (3), capitalism (3), thesis (3), schools (3), criticism (3), jesuit (3), controversy (3), primacy (3), english (3), cultural (3), anthropology (3), scale (3), system (3), three (3), case (3), primary (3), texts (3), archives (3), thirty (3), 18th (3), knowledge (3), change (3), report (3), take (3), 1941 (3), march (3), zsitvatorok (3), volume (3), westphalia (3), factor (3), 1547 (3), 1918 (3), 2007 (3), trepavlov (3), york (3), hungary (3), 320 (3), translations (3), 217 (3), muslim (3), zwischen (3), steindorff (3), ernst (3), fourteenth (3), europa (3), gruyter (3), rayfield (3), donald (3), michigan (3), 1745 (3), ohnsorge (3), 1948 (3), novoselskyy (3), life (3), nelsen (3), guth (3), founding (3), concept (3), miller (3), 1929 (3), españa (3), menéndez (3), pidal (3), martin (3), 1783 (3), 1762 (3), 1185 (3), prussia (3), 1742 (3), companion (3), korobeinikov (3), dariusz (3), caliph (3), khanate (3), treaties (3), followed (3), 1225 (3), titulature (3), i̇nalcık (3), file (3), harvard (3), 199 (3), nature (3), potential (3), frazee (3), 1983 (3), 263 (3), barbarian (3), matthias (3), october (3), 159 (3), help (3), erdmann (3), identity (3), antony (3), 1700 (3), dimitrov (3), vidin (3), terrible (3), beales (3), theresa (3), 1780 (3), augustynowicz (3), 897 (3), 108 (3), laskaris (3), 220 (3), 226 (3), 237 (3), 187 (3), autocephaly (3), 264 (3), tsars (3), 125 (3), 100 (3), 155 (3), 102 (3), 184 (3), 128 (3), brienne (3), 189 (3), avoid (3), competition (3), affairs (3), sultanate (3), iconography (3), known (3), recorded (3), demanding (3), 16th (3), mariana (3), regarded (3), truth (3), unlike (3), leonese (3), moscovian (3), mean (3), grandson (3), purposes (3), give (3), victory (3), konstantin (3), pavlovich (3), moskov (3), siege (3), step (3), 239 (3), 238 (3), should (3), 1480 (3), assumed (3), vassals (3), pay (3), 1661 (3), too (3), truce (3), palaiologina (3), red (3), planned (3), blue (3), green (3), monarchy (3), helped (3), vienna (3), without (3), upon (3), however (3), almost (3), form (3), done (3), francis (3), duke (3), delegation (3), replied (3), pointed (3), magnus (3), possevino (3), offer (3), again (3), head (3), communion (3), meaning (3), coin (3), depicted (3), administrative (3), reaffirmed (3), austria (3), has (3), set (3), jerusalem (3), kıral (3), rudolf (3), sometimes (3), whose (3), prominent (3), few (3), changes (3), practice (3), engaged (3), previously (3), lasted (3), nor (3), despot (3), christ (3), mentions (3), pistos (3), tamar (3), given (3), exist (3), seeing (3), resulted (3), inscription (3), klokotnitsa (3), archbishop (3), able (3), loss (3), older (3), denied (3), 1230 (3), meanwhile (3), very (3), momentarily (3), tarnovo (3), 1202 (3), kaloyan (3), reconciliation (3), refers (3), interpreted (3), considering (3), suggested (3), exchange (3), family (3), occasion (3), romanos (3), designated (3), claimant (3), namely (3), together (3), aragon (3), periodically (3), assured (3), emperorship (3), stating (3), athens (3), sicilian (3), day (3), chief (3), endured (3), attempting (3), sway (3), taking (3), foot (3), repeatedly (3), legitimacy (3), reconquest (3), might (3), conquer (3), hohenstaufen (3), dignity (3), swabia (3), master (3), inhabitants (3), interpretation (3), romania (3), romaniae (3), christo (3), fled (3), longer (3), successfully (3), domains (3), just (3), successful (3), cyprus (3), uniting (3), weak (3), efforts (3), enemies (3), imprisonment (3), embassies (3), immediate (3), side (3), seems (3), actions (3), branitchevo (3), serious (3), lack (3), southern (3), ever (3), far (3), diplomatically (3), invade (3), does (3), your (3), reply (3), territorial (3), appears (3), strongly (3), governing (3), appearance (3), vacant (3), 797 (3), theoretically (3), 1804 (3), tools (3), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), site (2), profit (2), categories (2), deprecated (2), date (2), linked (2), extension (2), description (2), wikidata (2), monarchies (2), controversies (2), robert (2), friedrich (2), judaism (2), perspectives (2), jesus (2), canada (2), australia (2), brazil (2), juan (2), josé (2), chiang (2), leaders (2), portugal (2), india (2), ethiopia (2), region (2), nationalism (2), transmission (2), development (2), ethic (2), revisionist (2), biblical (2), proto (2), geography (2), revolution (2), urban (2), quantitative (2), constitutional (2), school (2), economic (2), preservation (2), oral (2), dating (2), writing (2), books (2), template (2), library (2), source (2), local (2), crisis (2), geographic (2), man (2), comparative (2), research (2), annales (2), approaches (2), annals (2), continuity (2), renaissance (2), 19th (2), civil (2), black (2), significance (2), area (2), 967 (2), 871 (2), external (2), witzmann (2), europas (2), stand (2), velde (2), süß (2), konstantinopel (2), sinelschikova (2), april (2), beyond (2), why (2), pass (2), halsall (2), paul (2), grégoire (2), floiger (2), web (2), 255 (2), whaley (2), 2846872 (2), 2307 (2), eurasian (2), vásáry (2), renovatio (2), leiden (2), dieten (2), jan (2), munich (2), lexikon (2), südosteuropas (2), johannes (2), üre (2), agreement (2), 1991 (2), 1652 (2), dictionary (2), talbot (2), 334 (2), 3164389 (2), strohmeyer (2), 1740 (2), johann (2), christoph (2), baden (2), kanun (2), esasi (2), 232 (2), eighteenth (2), steppan (2), русский (2), 1726 (2), 1881 (2), 490 (2), heinrich (2), casiday (2), augustine (2), 9781136314841 (2), 521 (2), turkey (2), hazard (2), london (2), wisconsin (2), fifteenth (2), kenneth (2), schunter (2), alfons (2), 1925 (2), 290 (2), politik (2), 1800 (2), sashalmi (2), 1515 (2), schmidt (2), spanische (2), propaganda (2), proquest (2), marshall (2), transformation (2), aleksandrovna (2), sovereigns (2), признание (2), императорского (2), титула (2), российских (2), государей (2), священной (2), римской (2), империей (2), 8160 (2), 1746 (2), 1947 (2), oclc (2), zweikaiserproblem (2), reiches (2), 1383 (2), macgillivray (2), catholics (2), shaped (2), napier (2), browne (2), 1842 (2), springer (2), del (2), cid (2), mayer (2), las (2), russell (2), 1830 (2), georgievsk (2), 1874 (2), saint (2), martens (2), lomouri (2), nodar (2), 2000 (2), metropolitan (2), museum (2), neighbors (2), loud (2), ashgate (2), 7546 (2), expedition (2), lópez (2), ortiz (2), 1942 (2), español (2), lodge (2), richard (2), 1930 (2), lock (2), lamers (2), kumar (2), princeton (2), five (2), turks (2), jovanović (2), jenkins (2), crimea (2), balkans (2), halil (2), 113 (2), phokas (2), halenko (2), grdzelidze (2), fischer (2), rußland (2), goehrke (2), giarenis (2), perception (2), reality (2), gibbs (2), johnson (2), 415 (2), literature (2), deno (2), massachusetts (2), harrassowitz (2), garland (2), empresses (2), 228 (2), arbor (2), gamkrelidze (2), overview (2), frenken (2), interregnum (2), frassetto (2), foster (2), fodale (2), salvatore (2), findley (2), yale (2), eloeva (2), turkic (2), 12th (2), fazakas (2), fegyveresi (2), veress (2), 161 (2), 1951 (2), carl (2), publishing (2), sophia (2), djokić (2), directorate (2), detrez (2), 519 (2), demir (2), lit (2), münster (2), moderne (2), 9783110752373 (2), 356 (2), türkischer (2), turcorum (2), tyrannus (2), çolak (2), frontiers (2), cholakov (2), 2024 (2), 295 (2), french (2), gmbh (2), bronevskiy (2), 1741 (2), brest (2), asche (2), angeliki (2), hellenic (2), anderson (2), bibliography (2), 227 (2), 137 (2), 138 (2), 214 (2), 143 (2), 106 (2), slavophile (2), 1915 (2), 231 (2), 1589 (2), self (2), center (2), 210 (2), 186 (2), 107 (2), 164 (2), 204 (2), 285 (2), 103 (2), 122 (2), 114 (2), 152 (2), 153 (2), 262 (2), 261 (2), 148 (2), 127 (2), 126 (2), 123 (2), 121 (2), 206 (2), 225 (2), 105 (2), 133 (2), 136 (2), 135 (2), 160 (2), 321 (2), 129 (2), 150 (2), 258 (2), 1229 (2), 213 (2), 193 (2), 192 (2), 191 (2), 190 (2), 185 (2), 179 (2), 177 (2), 176 (2), citations (2), 240 (2), memalik (2), acem (2), arnold (2), lübeck (2), calls (2), imperatorem (2), introduced (2), footnotes (2), 1147 (2), prussian (2), key (2), precedence (2), ceremonies (2), secular (2), ecclesiastical (2), investiture (2), extensive (2), caesaropapism (2), existence (2), constantinopolitan (2), distinct (2), timeline (2), seljuk (2), 1815 (2), banner (2), dušan (2), across (2), 13th (2), confirmed (2), contemporary (2), hre (2), contrast (2), gaul (2), lineage (2), election (2), various (2), details (2), severe (2), generally (2), pretensions (2), latter (2), antonio (2), independence (2), associated (2), usage (2), decline (2), show (2), particular (2), distinguish (2), reaching (2), totius (2), 1643 (2), argues (2), shifted (2), association (2), 1774 (2), allowing (2), needed (2), purely (2), protect (2), creation (2), russians (2), 1917 (2), dream (2), tsargrad (2), 247 (2), 245 (2), kıralı (2), sar (2), selim (2), preferred (2), issued (2), officials (2), implications (2), forgotten (2), 1876 (2), lived (2), anymore (2), politically (2), gaining (2), facto (2), compared (2), gained (2), adopt (2), sublime (2), porte (2), decisive (2), superior (2), envoy (2), annual (2), vizier (2), address (2), padishah (2), giray (2), 221 (2), vladimir (2), specifically (2), married (2), joint (2), marks (2), dacia (2), compensations (2), marked (2), yellow (2), close (2), russo (2), troops (2), fought (2), she (2), thereafter (2), standing (2), success (2), nonetheless (2), bavarian (2), acceptance (2), initially (2), allies (2), 1721 (2), convinced (2), recognise (2), repeated (2), prior (2), government (2), symbols (2), minted (2), supported (2), insisted (2), concluded (2), sacred (2), suae (2), sacrae (2), russiae (2), majestatis (2), vasily (2), 200 (2), goal (2), lithuanian (2), agreements (2), existed (2), bishops (2), authorities (2), pressured (2), join (2), served (2), assuming (2), apparently (2), unaware (2), subordinate (2), philotheus (2), doctrine (2), directly (2), 1488 (2), demanded (2), equivalent (2), went (2), avoided (2), feodor (2), 1673 (2), word (2), clement (2), xiii (2), slavic (2), descent (2), niece (2), developed (2), nations (2), compromise (2), unsuccessful (2), managed (2), preserve (2), nothing (2), powerful (2), prove (2), except (2), demands (2), write (2), father (2), retained (2), something (2), contemporaries (2), domination (2), courtiers (2), identified (2), capital (2), mention (2), entity (2), reasons (2), applied (2), common (2), turk (2), tyrant (2), lists (2), met (2), expected (2), final (2), andreas (2), turcus (2), marble (2), making (2), leadership (2), hostility (2), gennadios (2), succeeding (2), continue (2), constantly (2), nominal (2), trapezuntine (2), tyrants (2), faithful (2), territory (2), iberia (2), christoi (2), theo (2), ton (2), niketas (2), choniates (2), demetrios (2), bishop (2), fearing (2), failed (2), advance (2), 112 (2), forty (2), martyrs (2), 146 (2), ohrid (2), gain (2), ruling (2), dynasties (2), noble (2), 145 (2), 144 (2), 139 (2), catholicos (2), abkhazians (2), armenians (2), ally (2), ties (2), surrounded (2), alexis (2), turned (2), serene (2), george (2), revived (2), leading (2), thessaly (2), 1241 (2), shishman (2), uroš (2), serbs (2), provide (2), 1186 (2), elevated (2), indivisible (2), promised (2), territories (2), marrying (2), elena (2), launched (2), moved (2), primas (2), dominus (2), titling (2), died (2), sixth (2), 1207 (2), lekapenos (2), confined (2), fully (2), compelling (2), interest (2), firmly (2), arrived (2), walls (2), replacing (2), somewhat (2), justinian (2), naples (2), remaining (2), achaea (2), durazzo (2), dismay (2), light (2), attacks (2), promise (2), entire (2), disaster (2), lyons (2), anyone (2), rapidly (2), materialize (2), angevin (2), chiefly (2), words (2), remains (2), anna (2), wife (2), unionists (2), frank (2), damage (2), centered (2), active (2), pursued (2), escape (2), bull (2), started (2), ambitions (2), avoiding (2), provided (2), speaking (2), weakness (2), lords (2), altered (2), seat (2), enforce (2), dependent (2), marry (2), ongoing (2), ethnicities (2), rom (2), seem (2), truly (2), fidelis (2), dei (2), gratia (2), seized (2), suggests (2), feudal (2), notably (2), sacking (2), provocative (2), augoustos (2), romaion (2), traditional (2), hereditary (2), 1195 (2), ensure (2), succeeded (2), overthrown (2), addition (2), fractured (2), useful (2), accorded (2), giving (2), future (2), nearly (2), christendom (2), ordered (2), favor (2), send (2), losing (2), incidents (2), philadelphia (2), behind (2), reunited (2), locals (2), hostages (2), appropriate (2), realized (2), refusing (2), hold (2), wrote (2), justified (2), learnt (2), barons (2), personally (2), supplies (2), notice (2), arrival (2), niš (2), assembled (2), treated (2), intend (2), putting (2), allied (2), full (2), rivals (2), unite (2), won (2), roger (2), conrad (2), submit (2), threaten (2), theophanu (2), depicting (2), senate (2), slaves (2), worse (2), harlots (2), alone (2), apostles (2), took (2), neglected (2), hands (2), chastized (2), belonged (2), ignored (2), pictured (2), ottonian (2), limited (2), represent (2), anastasius (2), views (2), unity (2), affirmation (2), reference (2), someone (2), peoples (2), defined (2), defining (2), geopolitical (2), behalf (2), herself (2), adoption (2), act (2), 813 (2), purple (2), gubernans (2), romanum (2), karolus (2), argument (2), alcuin (2), 5th (2), absolutist (2), viceroy (2), exclusive (2), obedience (2), mother (2), christmas (2), exarchate (2), upload (2), read (2), log (2), create (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, available, additional, apply, agree, registered, trademark, organization, wikimedia, inc, creative, commons, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, edited, september, 2026, utc, hidden, errors, interwiki, names, easytimeline, 1500, 1928, image, auto, scaled, images, questions, schisms, conflicts, successions, naming, dichotomy, https, org, index, php, problem_of_two_emperors, oldid, 1374074136, multimedia, category, rings, tolkien, socrates, shakespeare, falcon, scott, nietzsche, madonna, lovecraft, søren, kierkegaard, resurrection, darwin, beatles, jane, austen, netherlands, rankings, zhuge, liang, zhou, enlai, yuan, shikai, warren, harding, ulysses, grant, jefferson, aquinas, sun, yat, sen, bolivarianism, personality, simon, bolivar
Text of the page (random words):
prima ranked higher than nicaea only seeing the patriarch residing in nicaea germanus ii as a regular bishop 146 this resulted to a schism between nicaea and thessalonica 148 the emperor of nicaea john iii doukas vatatzes was willing to name theodore komnenos doukas co emperor if he recognized his supremacy which theodore refused 58 fearing an attack by theodore the latin empire and the nicene empire reached a temporary truce 149 theodore s attempt to capture constantinople failed at the battle of klokotnitsa against the bulgarian empire where he was captured 150 bulgarian tsar ivan asen ii still recognized theodore as a tsar emperor in an inscription in the holy forty martyrs church about the battle 108 151 theodore s son manuel doukas became his successor but he became de facto a vassal of ivan asen ii 112 152 manuel reaffirmed the supremacy of the patriarch in nicaea 153 john iii attacked thessalonica in 1242 but he had to end the attack following the mongol advance emperor of thessalonica john komnenos doukas still had to give up his imperial title and change it to despot 154 additionally the empire of trebizond was formed in 1204 by alexios i and david with support from tamar of georgia they were members of the komnenos dynasty which was deposed in 1185 155 trebizond was more remote than nicaea 53 and was constantly threatened by the sultanate of rum 156 trebizond soon came into conflict with nicene emperor theodore i laskaris after this david submitted to the latin empire 157 thus they abandoned their plans on conquering constantinople 158 william miller speculated that nominal latin suzerainty was preferential to annexation by the nicaeans 159 niketas choniates called the trapezuntine emperors in his panegyric of theodore i laskaris lads of the pontus different palaiologan chronicles described them as rulers princes or tyrants antony eastmond states that in palaiologan historiography trebizond was neither an empire nor even a greek state at all 160 the emperors of trebizond continued to use the imperial title even after the restoration of the byzantine empire by the nicene emperors in 1261 in 1282 byzantine emperor michael viii proposed john ii of trebizond to use the title despot instead and cease using the imperial insignia in return for a marriage with his daughter eudokia palaiologina john ii did not adopt the title though but changed his title from pistos basileus kai autokrator ton romaíon faithful basileus and autocrat of the romans to en christoi to theo pistos basil kai autokrator pásis anatolís ivíron kai perateías faithful to lord christ basileus and autocrat of all the east iberia and perateia referring to the territory of his realm and removing direct mentions of the romans in 1461 the empire of trebizond ended 155 early modern period edit see also succession to the byzantine empire holy roman ottoman dispute edit see also ottoman claim to roman succession and ottoman habsburg wars sultan mehmed ii left depicted with patriarch gennadios to his right claimed the legacy of the byzantine empire upon his conquest of constantinople in 1453 mehmed and succeeding ottoman sultans would continue to refuse to recognize the rulers of the holy roman empire as emperors until 1606 with the fall of constantinople in 1453 and the rise of the ottoman empire in the byzantine empire s stead the problem of two emperors returned 161 mehmed ii who had conquered the city explicitly titled himself as the kayser i rûm caesar of the roman empire postulating a claim to world domination through the use of the roman title mehmed deliberately linked himself to the byzantine imperial tradition making few changes in constantinople itself and working on restoring the city through repairs and sometimes forced immigration which soon led to an economic upswing mehmed also appointed a new greek orthodox patriarch gennadios and began minting his own coins a practice which the byzantine emperors had engaged in but the ottomans never had previously furthermore mehmed introduced stricter court ceremonies and protocols inspired by those of the byzantines 162 the sultans controlled the leadership of the orthodox church and ensured its hostility towards the catholic church 163 under bayezid ii a council was held which lasted until 1484 which condemned the terrible and foreign doctrines of the latins and broke with any agreements of the council of florence 164 marble bust of the final holy roman emperor francis ii in a style inspired by ancient roman marble busts the holy roman idea that the empire located primarily in germany constituted the only legitimate empire eventually gave rise to the association with germany and the imperial title rather than associating it with the ancient romans the earliest mention of the holy roman empire of the german nation a phrase rarely used officially is from the 15th century and its later increasingly used shorthand imperium romano germanicum demonstrates that contemporaries of the empire increasingly saw the empire and its emperors not as successors of a roman empire that had existed since antiquity but instead as a new entity that appeared in medieval germany whose rulers were referred to as emperors for political and historical reasons in the 16th century up to modern times the term emperor was thus also increasingly applied to rulers of other countries 15 in the holy roman empire türkischer kaiser turkish emperor became common while in italy and the papal states turcus turk magnus turcus great turk or turcorum tyrannus turkish tyrant were more prominent and avoided the term emperor at the start 165 pope pius ii was willing to recognize mehmed as emperor if he converted to catholicism 101 johannes cuspinian who served under maximilian i lists ottoman sultans alongside holy roman and byzantine emperors from the antiquity in his book caesares 166 in 1496 and 1497 maximilian i met an ottoman delegation in vigevano and in stift stams de during the meetings maximilian i accepted the imperial title used for the sultan 167 and called him turc emperor privately 168 maximilian i even hosted an imposter pretender calixtus ottomanus la who was called turkish emperor by both maximilian i and himself 169 emperor charles vi considered using his potential claim to the byzantine throne through andreas palaiologos s last will against the ottomans but the expected success by prince eugene of savoy did not came to fruition 90 the holy roman emperors themselves maintained that they were the successors of the ancient roman emperors up until the abdication of francis ii the final holy roman emperor in 1806 170 contemporaries within the ottoman empire recognized mehmed s assumption of the imperial title and his claim to world domination the historian michael critobulus described the sultan as emperor of emperors autocrat and lord of the earth and the sea according to god s will in a letter to the doge of venice mehmed was described by his courtiers as the emperor other titles were sometimes used as well such as grand duke and prince of the turkish romans 162 the citizens of constantinople and the former byzantine empire which still identified as romans and not greeks until modern times saw the ottoman empire as still representing their empire the universal empire the imperial capital was still constantinople and its ruler mehmed ii was the basileus 171 as with the byzantine emperors before them the imperial status of the ottoman sultans was primarily expressed through the refusal to recognize the holy roman emperors as equal rulers in diplomacy the western emperors were titled as kıral kings of vienna or hungary 162 the problem of two emperors and the dispute between the holy roman empire and the ottoman empire would be finally resolved after the two empires signed a peace treaty following a string of ottoman defeats in the 1606 peace of zsitvatorok ottoman sultan ahmed i for the first time in his empire s history formally recognized the holy roman emperor rudolf ii with the title császár hungarian for caesar rather than kıral 172 173 for a last payment of 200 000 gulden the sublime porte s annual tribute demands were stopped 174 ahmed made sure to write like a father to a son symbolically emphasizing that the eastern empire retained some primacy over its western counterpart 162 the ottoman empire later shifted towards imperator or imperador which fell out of use by the ottoman sultans at this point and was not associated with him anymore 172 in the ottoman empire itself the idea that the sultan was a universal ruler lingered on despite his recognition of the holy roman emperor as an equal writing in 1798 the greek orthodox patriarch of jerusalem anthemus saw the ottoman empire as imposed by god himself as the supreme empire on earth and something which had arisen due to the dealings of the palaiologan emperors with the western christians 171 behold how our merciful and omniscient lord has managed to preserve the integrity of our holy orthodox faith and to save us all he brought forth out of nothing the powerful empire of the ottomans which he set up in the place of our empire of the romaioi which had begun in some ways to deviate from the path of the orthodox faith and he raised this empire of the ottomans above every other in order to prove beyond doubt that it came into being by the will of god for there is no authority except that deriving from god ottoman administrative documents continued to call the roman german emperors kings of vienna up to the early 18th century nevertheless it was an important step to equality in foreign politics the treaty was reaffirmed multiple times for example by the treaty of karlowitz in 1699 175 european nations adopted a secular foreign policy and in 1771 austria formed an alliance with the ottomans against kingdom of prussia 176 after the unsuccessful austrian invasion the ottomans accepted western diplomatic practices with the treaty of sistova of 1791 177 the austrian empire continued to respect the compromise with the ottomans after the dissolution of the holy roman empire 178 holy roman russian dispute edit coin of russian emperor tsar peter i with the emperor being depicted with a laurel wreath as ancient roman emperors were on their coins by the time of the first embassy from the holy roman empire to russia in 1488 the two emperor problem had already translated to moscow 179 in 1472 ivan iii the grand prince of moscow married the niece of the last byzantine emperor zoe palaiologina and informally declared himself tsar emperor of all the russian principalities in 1480 he stopped paying tribute to the golden horde and adopted the imperial double headed eagle as one of his symbols a distinct russian theory of translatio imperii was developed by abbot philotheus of pskov in this doctrine the first rome fell to heresy catholicism and the second rome constantinople to the infidel ottomans but the third rome moscow would endure until the end of the world 180 in 1488 ivan iii demanded recognition of his title as the equivalent of emperor but his demand was refused by the holy roman emperor frederick iii and other western european rulers ivan iv went even further in his imperial claims claiming descent from the first roman emperor augustus at his coronation as the tsar of all russia in 1547 he used the slavic translation of the byzantine coronation service and what he claimed was byzantine regalia 180 around this time ivan iv stopped using the term brother towards other kings and only saw the holy roman emperor and the ottoman sultan as his equals 181 england denmark and initially sweden were the first to recognize ivan iv as tsar 182 the treaty of cardis of 1661 obliged sweden to use the title tsar after sweden stopped recognising the title again 183 king louis xiii of france recognized michael of russia as the head of the eastern hemisphere and empereur in 1629 184 the papacy itself was willing to recognize the russian tsar as imperator if russia agreed to communion with the catholic church 185 and also avoided calling him grand prince instead opting for domino russiae lord of russia pope clement viii recognised feodor i of russia as a tsar in the header of a 1594 letter but in the main text the pope reverts to addressing feodor as lord of russia and grand duke of moscow which papal documents continued to use until 1673 186 in 1673 paul menesius advised pope clement x to refer to the russian sovereign as a tsar as he argued that it is the russian word for ruler similar to other regional titles like caliph or sharīf rather than meaning caesar 187 according to marshall poe the third rome theory first spread among clerics and for much of its early history russia still regarded moscow as subordinate to constantinople tsargrad a position also held by ivan iv 188 poe argues that philotheus doctrine of third rome may have been mostly forgotten in russia relegated to the old believers until shortly before the development of pan slavism hence the idea could not have directly influenced the foreign policies of peter and catherine though those tsars did compare themselves to the romans an expansionist version of third rome reappeared primarily after the coronation of alexander ii in 1855 a lens through which later russian writers would re interpret early modern russia arguably anachronistically 189 green primarily eastern orthodox regions in poland lithuania 1573 the problem of the two emperors also featured in polish russian disputes the muscovite grand princes added of all russia to their title marking the goal of gathering the russian lands under their rule including those under lithuanian control 190 and the polish lithuanian union became an obstacle for agreements with russia 191 the dispute also existed alongside religious competition between the poland lithuania and russia shortly after the moscow patriarchate of the orthodox church was established bishops in poland lithuania formed the 1595 union of brest to limit russian influence 192 following the transfer of the metropolis of kiev to the russian church in 1685 polish authorities also pressured orthodox bishops to join the ruthenian uniate church 193 in 1549 russia and poland lithuania agreed to use grand prince in the polish text and tsar in the russian text for a peace treaty 194 during the negotiations of the truce of yam zapolsky 1582 jesuit antonio possevino who served as mediator rejected the titles tsar or emperor as he believed that they could only be granted by the pope and that the single emperor of the christians had been transferred to the west when the byzantine emperor became less loyal the russian delegation replied with the claim that the grand prince vladimir the great was granted the title by roman emperors arcadius and honorius which possevino dismissed possevino also rejected moscow s second offer to use the title tsar of kazan and astrakhan assuming that the polish king would not accept a turkish or tatar title l...
|
