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reputation as the dirty tricks department of the foreign office indulging in character assassination false telegrams putting itching powder on lavatory seats and other such cold war pranks little of which will be found in the files even if the intelligence related ones are finally released all the survivors insist that it is most unlikely that any names supplied by orwell in 1949 would have been passed on to anyone else and especially not to mi5 britain s domestic security service or mi6 in charge of foreign intelligence in all honesty adam watson told me i cannot remember any case in which we said to mi5 or mi6 did you realize that x says so and so is a crypto communist however as mr watson himself cautioned me old men forget clearly no one can ever know exactly what say the head of the department ralph murray might have muttered to a friend from mi6 over a brandy at the travellers club just around the corner from carlton house terrace celia kirwan always strongly defended orwell s contribution to the work of ird in the 1990s there was fevered speculation about his list the marxist historian christopher hill said i always knew he was two faced the labour mp gerald kaufman wrote in the evening standard that orwell was a big brother too celia kirwan insisted i think george was quite right to do it and of course everybody thinks that these people were going to be shot at dawn the only thing that was going to happen to them was that they wouldn t be asked to write for the information research department some writers today suggest the ird s anticommunist activities were britain s equivalent of the mccarthyite witch hunt if so then one is struck by how mild it was by comparison with the american mccarthyism which prompted arthur miller to write the crucible and charlie chaplin to flee back to orwell s britain consider who some of the people on the list were and what happened to them peter smollett was singled out by orwell for special mention in his covering letter to celia under remarks on his list orwell noted gives strong impression of being some kind of russian agent very slimy person born in vienna as peter smolka during world war ii smollett was the head of the soviet section in the british ministry of information one of orwell s inspirations for the ministry of truth we now know two more things about him first according to the mitrokhin archive of kgb documents smollett smolka actually was a soviet agent recruited by kim philby with the codename abo second he was almost certainly the official on whose advice the publisher jonathan cape turned down animal farm as an unhealthily anti soviet text how then did the british state prosecute or persecute this soviet agent by making him an officer of the british empire obe subsequently he was the london times correspondent in central europe the worst thing that seems to have happened to him is that some of his short stories about postwar vienna were heavily drawn upon by graham greene for the third man in the film he makes an insider joke phantom appearance as what the viewer must assume is the name of a bar or nightclub called smolka the labour mp tom driberg usually named as crypto but in my opinion not reliably pro cp was according to the mitrokhin kgb papers recruited in 1956 as a doubtless deeply unreliable soviet agent codename lepage after a compromising homosexual encounter with an agent of the kgb s second chief directorate in a lavatory under the metropole hotel in moscow nonetheless he ended his life as a celebrated writer and lord bradwell of bradwell juxta mare e h carr isaac deutscher the novelist naomi mitchison a silly sympathiser and j b priestley all pursued very successful careers without so far as we know any hindrance from the british government michael redgrave went on ironically enough to play a leading role in the 1956 film of orwell s 1984 in other words nothing bad happened to them even when as in the case of smollett it arguably should have to be sure we cannot conclusively say that this was true of all the lesser known writers and journalists on the list of thirty eight that requires further investigation the only case of anything like a possible blacklisting that i have found so far is that of alaric jacob a minor writer who had attended the same private school as orwell and followed his subsequent progress with resentment according to one study of british political vetting alaric jacob joined the bbc monitoring service at caversham in august 1948 but in february 1951 was suddenly refused establishment rights which meant he would receive no pension 5 he complained to his cousin the same sir ian jacob who had dealings with ird and later became director general of the bbc alaric jacob s establishment and pension rights were restored shortly after his wife iris morley who also appears on orwell s list died in 1953 the way in which the bbc collaborated with semisecret departments like the ird and with the intelligence services for secret vetting of its employees is one of the murkier passages of britain s cold war but a two year loss of bbc establishment rights is hardly darkness at noon or a session in room 101 anyway there is no evidence that orwell s list had anything to do with the temporary blacklisting of alaric jacob nearly two years later 3 saints should always be judged guilty until they are proved innocent orwell wrote of gandhi just a few months before he sent celia the list orwell s rule must now apply to orwell himself the saint george of english political writing yet even when all possible files are released and a scrupulous historian has weighed all the available evidence on ird the bbc and the rest his innocence can never finally be proven perhaps orwell would anyway not want to plead innocent but rather growl guilty as charged it all depends on the charge if the charge is that orwell was a cold warrior the answer is plainly yes orwell was a cold warrior even before the cold war began warning against the danger of soviet totalitarianism in animal farm when most people were still celebrating our heroic soviet ally he appears in the oxford english dictionary as the first writer ever to use the term cold war in english he had fought with a gun in his hand against fascism in spain and was wounded by a bullet through his throat he fought communism with his typewriter and hastened his death by the exertion if the charge is that he was a secret police informer the answer is plainly no ird was an odd cold war outfit but it was nothing like a thought police unlike that dreadful genius bertolt brecht orwell never believed that the end justified the means again and again we find him insisting to richard rees that you have to treat each case individually he opposed the banning of the communist party in britain the freedom defence committee of which he was vice chairman thought political vetting of civil servants a necessary evil but insisted that the person concerned should be represented by a trade union that corroborative evidence must be produced and that the accused should be allowed to cross examine those giving evidence against him hardly the methods of the kgb or indeed of mi5 or the fbi during the cold war he told celia that he approved of the aims of ird this does not mean that he would have approved of their subsequent methods the list invites us to reflect again on the asymmetry of our attitudes toward nazism and communism orwell liked making lists in a london letter to partisan review in 1942 he wrote i think i could make out at least a preliminary list of the people who would go over to the nazi side if the germans occupied england suppose he had suppose his list of crypto nazis had gone to the political warfare executive would anyone be objecting the long overdue publication of the ird list also highlights the vital distinction so often blurred between orwell s private notebook and the list he sent to celia at the foreign office readers may according to taste be more shocked or amused by the entries in his notebook there is about them a touch of the old imperial policeman a hint of the spy as well as a generous dose of his characteristic gruff black humor he includes someone from the income tax dep t in his notebook list bloody communists those tax inspectors but all writers are spies they peek like fay weldon in carlton house terrace they secretly write things down in notebooks one aspect of the notebook that shocks our contemporary sensibility is his ethnic labeling of people especially the eight variations of jewish charlie chaplin polish jew english jew or jewess orwell s entire life was a struggle to overcome the prejudices of his class and generation here was one he never fully overcame what remains most unsettling about the list he actually sent is the way in which a writer whose name is now a synonym for political independence and journalistic honesty is drawn into collaboration with a bureaucratic department of propaganda however marginal the collaboration white the propaganda and good the cause in the files of the ird you find the kind of bureaucratic language that we now habitually describe as orwellian or kafkaesque next to the very personal handwritten letter from orwell dear celia with love george in fo 1110 189 is a typewritten communication from the british embassy in moscow dear department it begins and is signed surreally yours ever chancery yet perhaps we should not be surprised for orwell knew this kind of world from inside and drew on it for his awful book while 1984 was a warning against totalitarianism of both the nazi that is national socialist and communist that is soviet socialist kind hence ingsoc much of the physical detail was derived from his experience of wartime london working in the bbc itself a considerable british bureaucracy in close touch with the ministry of information and home to the original room 101 the most delicate and speculative part of any interpretation concerns orwell s relationship with celia kirwan there is in his letters to celia an almost painful eagerness you sense in them his continued strong feelings for a particularly attractive warmhearted and cultured woman but in all we know about him at this time you also sense something broader the more generalized rather desperate craving of a mortally sick man for affectionate female support one recalls the emotional turmoil of three years before when he precipitately proposed not just to celia but also to two or three other younger women lonely stuck in that cotswold sanatorium loathing the thought that he was physically done for at the age of forty five did he yearn to combat approaching death with the love of a beautiful woman celia while remaining a staunch friend did not encourage any renewal of george s gruff advances however soon after their exchange about the list another beautiful young englishwoman to whom he had also proposed in that earlier bout of emotional turmoil returned from paris like celia and came to see him at the sanatorium in sonia brownell s case she was on the rebound from a passionate romance with the french philosopher maurice merleau ponty perhaps sensing some encouragement orwell proposed to her again egged on by his forceful publisher frederic warburg sonia accepted in 1984 winston smith s protest against totalitarian bureaucracy is to have sex with julia a character at least partly modeled on sonia in real life was it at least in part his desire for celia s affectionate attention that brought mr orwell into the secret files of the british bureaucracy this biographical speculation is not to trivialize his conscious political choice to supply those names to a department of the foreign office nonetheless you have to ask yourself this question had it been a bowler hatted and pin striped mr cloake who came to visit him on march 29 1949 would he have offered to send him the list but it wasn t mr cloake it was his dearest celia orwell sought desperately to fight his last enemy death yet it was his early death that secured his immortality tempting as it is to speculate in the light of the list about which way he would have gone if he had lived an iconoclastic left wing voice on the new statesman a curmudgeonly old cold warrior on encounter this is strictly illegitimate we will never know one thing however is clear he would have taken definite strong political stands and therefore alienated people on the left or the right and probably both only his early death allowed everyone to beatify him in their own way and he would have written more books possibly as his previous novels and last draft story might suggest less good ones than animal farm and 1984 untimely death made him the james dean of the cold war the john f kennedy of english letters how we would all have loved to read his views on the building of the berlin wall on the vietnam war and on the 1968 student protests how i would have enjoyed meeting him in central europe in 1989 aged eighty six as the soviet communist big brother finally collapsed how wonderful it would be to hear his voice today a voice that we imagine all the more vividly because no recording of it survives commenting on the propaganda language of the iraq war or the continuing miseries of burma or the dilemmas of tony blair but the hundred year old orwell growls through the asterisks and crossouts of his notebook don t be silly work it out for yourself volume 50 number 14 september 25 2003 feature notes 1 guardian review june 21 2003 reprints the whole list 2 a detailed but tendentious account is paul lashmar and james oliver britain s secret propaganda war 1948 1977 sutton 1998 a shorter but much more nuanced treatment is in hugh wilford the cia the british left and the cold war calling the tune frank cass 2003 see also w scott lucas and c j morris a very british crusade the information research department and the beginning of the cold war in british intelligence strategy and the cold war edited by richard j aldrich routledge 1992 phillip deery confronting the cominform george orwell and the cold war offensive of the information research department 1948 50 in labour history no 73 november 1977 ird origins and establishment of the foreign office information research department 1946 48 fco historians history notes no 9 august 1995 and the brief accusatory treatment in frances stonor saunders who paid the piper the cia and the cultural cold war granta 1999 3 minute of april 21 1951 in fo 1110 383 4 see fo 1110 191 5 mark hollingsworth and richard norton taylor blacklist the inside story of political vetting hogarth press 1988 pagini despre categorii categorii 1984 nonclasificat civic media arhive ianuarie 2008 caută blogroll nu ne lasam parintele justin marturisitorul album foto de cristina nichitus roncea anul unirii basescu org civic media civicnet piata universitatii mai bine haimana dacat tradator parintele teoctist roncea free press roncea sr victor roncea information is power ziu...
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