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analogue electronics wikipedia jump to content main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 analogue signals 2 inherent noise 3 analogue vs digital electronics toggle analogue vs digital electronics subsection 3 1 noise 3 2 precision 3 3 design difficulty 4 circuit classification 5 see also 6 references toggle the table of contents analogue electronics 36 languages العربية català čeština dansk deutsch esperanto español eesti euskara فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी magyar հայերեն bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 қазақша 한국어 nederlands polski русский سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски shqip српски srpski svenska தமிழ் türkçe українська oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikibooks wikiversity wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from analog electronics electronic systems with a continuously variable signal analogue electronic components like this thermistor function with continuous signals unlike digital electronics which have discrete signals usually binary code analogue electronics american english analog electronics are electronic systems with a continuously variable signal in contrast to digital electronics where signals usually take only two levels the term analogue describes the proportional relationship between a signal and a voltage or current that represents the signal the word analogue is derived from the greek word ανάλογος analogos meaning proportional 1 analogue signals edit an analogue signal uses some attribute of the medium to convey the signal s information for example an aneroid barometer uses the angular position of a needle on top of a contracting and expanding box as the signal to convey the information of changes in atmospheric pressure 2 electrical signals may represent information by changing their voltage current frequency or total charge information is converted from some other physical form such as sound light temperature pressure position to an electrical signal by a transducer which converts one type of energy into another e g a microphone 3 the signals take any value from a given range and each unique signal value represents different information any change in the signal is meaningful and each level of the signal represents a different level of the phenomenon that it represents for example suppose the signal is being used to represent temperature with one volt representing one degree celsius in such a system 10 volts would represent 10 degrees and 10 1 volts would represent 10 1 degrees another method of conveying an analogue signal is to use modulation in this some base carrier signal has one of its properties altered amplitude modulation am involves altering the amplitude of a sinusoidal voltage waveform by the source information frequency modulation fm changes the frequency other techniques such as phase modulation or changing the phase of the carrier signal are also used 4 in an analogue sound recording the variation in pressure of a sound striking a microphone creates a corresponding variation in the current passing through it or voltage across it an increase in the volume of the sound causes the fluctuation of the current or voltage to increase proportionally while keeping the same waveform or shape mechanical pneumatic hydraulic and other systems may also use analogue signals inherent noise edit analogue systems invariably include noise random disturbances or variations some caused by the random thermal vibrations of atomic particles since all variations of an analogue signal are significant any disturbance is equivalent to a change in the original signal and so appears as noise 5 as the signal is copied and re copied or transmitted over long distances these random variations become more significant and lead to signal degradation other sources of noise may include crosstalk from other signals or poorly designed components these disturbances may be reduced by use of shielding and low noise amplifiers 6 analogue vs digital electronics edit a digital signal like usb is inherently an analogue signal since the information is encoded differently in analogue and digital electronics the way they process a signal is consequently different all operations that can be performed on an analogue signal such as amplification filtering limiting and others can also be duplicated in the digital domain every digital circuit is also an analogue circuit in that the behaviour of any digital circuit can be explained using the rules of analogue circuits the use of microelectronics has made digital devices cheap and widely available noise edit the effect of noise on an analogue circuit is a function of the level of noise the greater the noise level the more the analogue signal is disturbed slowly becoming less usable because of this analogue signals are said to fail gracefully analogue signals can still contain intelligible information with very high levels of noise digital circuits on the other hand are not affected at all by the presence of noise until a certain threshold is reached at which point they fail catastrophically for digital telecommunications it is possible to increase the noise threshold with the use of error detection and correction coding schemes and algorithms nevertheless there is still a point at which catastrophic failure of the link occurs 7 8 in digital electronics because the information is quantized as long as the signal stays inside a range of values it represents the same information in digital circuits the signal is regenerated at each logic gate lessening or removing noise 9 failed verification in analogue circuits signal loss can be regenerated with amplifiers however noise is cumulative throughout the system and the amplifier itself will add to the noise according to its noise figure 10 11 precision edit a number of factors affect how precise a signal is mainly the noise present in the original signal and the noise added by processing see signal to noise ratio fundamental physical limits such as the shot noise in components limits the resolution of analogue signals in digital electronics additional precision is obtained by using additional digits to represent the signal the practical limit in the number of digits is determined by the performance of the analogue to digital converter adc since digital operations can usually be performed without loss of precision the adc takes an analogue signal and changes it into a series of binary numbers the adc may be used in simple digital display devices e g thermometers or light meters but it may also be used in digital sound recording and in data acquisition however a digital to analogue converter dac is used to change a digital signal to an analogue signal a dac takes a series of binary numbers and converts it to an analogue signal it is common to find a dac in the gain control system of an op amp which in turn may be used to control digital amplifiers and filters 12 design difficulty edit analogue circuits are typically harder to design requiring more skill than comparable digital systems to conceptualize 13 an analogue circuit is usually designed by hand because the application is built into the hardware digital hardware on the other hand has a great deal of commonality across applications and can be mass produced in a standardised form hardware design consists largely of repeated identical blocks and the design process can be highly automated this is one of the main reasons that digital systems have become more common than analogue devices however the application of digital hardware is a function of the software firmware and creating this is still largely a labour intensive process since the early 2000s there were some platforms that were developed which enabled analogue design to be defined using software which allows faster prototyping furthermore if a digital electronic device is to interact with the real world it will always need an analogue interface 14 for example every digital radio receiver has an analogue preamplifier as the first stage in the receive chain design of analogue circuits has been greatly eased by the advent of software circuit simulators such as spice ibm developed their own in house simulator astap in the 1970s which used an unusual compared to other simulators sparse matrix method of circuit analysis circuit classification edit for broader coverage of this topic see electronic circuit analogue circuits can be entirely passive consisting of resistors capacitors and inductors active circuits also contain active elements such as transistors traditional circuits are built from lumped elements that is discrete components however an alternative is distributed element circuits built from pieces of transmission line see also edit analogue computer analogue verification comparison of analogue and digital recording digital data in contrast to analogue linear integrated circuit an analogue chip references edit concise oxford dictionary 10 ed oxford university press inc 1999 isbn 0 19 860287 1 plympton george washington 1884 the aneroid barometer its construction and use d van nostran co aneroid barometer singmin andrew 2001 beginning digital electronics through projects newnes p 9 isbn 0 7506 7269 2 signals come from transducers miller mark r 2002 electronics the easy way barron s educational series pp 232 239 isbn 0 7641 1981 8 until the radio came along hsu hwei piao 2003 schaum s outline of theory and problems of analogue and digital communications mcgraw hill professional p 202 isbn 0 07 140228 4 the presence of noise degrades the performance of communication systems carr joseph j 2000 secrets of rf circuit design mcgraw hill professional p 423 isbn 0 07 137067 6 it is common in microwave systems richard langton gregory even odder perceptions p 161 psychology press 1994 isbn 0415061067 robin blair digital techniques in broadcasting transmission p 34 focal press 2002 isbn 0240805089 chen wai kai 2005 the electrical engineering handbook academic press p 101 isbn 0 12 170960 4 noise from an analogue or small signal perspective jon b hagen radio frequency electronics circuits and applications p 203 cambridge university press 1996 isbn 0521553563 jonathan davidson james peters brian gracely voice over ip fundamentals cisco press 2000 isbn 1578701686 scherz paul 2006 practical electronics for inventors mcgraw hill professional p 730 isbn 0 07 145281 8 in order for analog devices to communicate with digital circuits clocks digital and analog math is fun retrieved 2020 12 18 williams jim 1991 analog circuit design newnes p 238 isbn 0 7506 9640 0 even within companies producing both analog and digital products v t e electronics branches analogue electronics digital electronics electronic engineering microelectronics optoelectronics power electronics printed electronics advanced topics 2020s in computing atomtronics bioelectronics list of emerging electronics failure of electronic components flexible electronics low power electronics molecular electronics nanoelectronics organic electronics photonics piezotronics quantum electronics spintronics electronic equipment air conditioner central heating clothes dryer computer notebook camera dishwasher freezer home robot home cinema home theater pc information technology cooker microwave oven mobile phone networking hardware portable media player radio refrigerator robotic vacuum cleaner tablet telephone television water heater video game console washing machine applications audio equipment automotive electronics avionics control system data acquisition e book e health electromagnetic warfare electronics industry embedded system home appliance home automation integrated circuit home appliance consumer electronics major appliance small appliance marine electronics microwave technology military electronics multimedia nuclear electronics open source hardware radar and radio navigation radio electronics terahertz technology wired and wireless communications authority control databases national czech republic retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title analogue_electronics oldid 1361543208 categories analog circuits electronic engineering hidden categories articles with short description short description matches wikidata use oxford spelling from august 2016 all wikipedia articles written in british english with oxford spelling articles containing explicitly cited american english language text articles containing ancient greek to 1453 language text all articles with failed verification articles with failed verification from april 2018 this page was last edited on 28 june 2026 at 16 11 utc page was rendered with parsoid text is available under the creative commons attribution sharealike 4 0 license additional terms may apply by using this site you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy wikipedia is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation inc a non profit organization privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers contact wikipedia legal safety contacts code of conduct developers statistics cookie statement mobile view search search toggle the table of contents analogue electronics 36 languages add topic
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