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search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 freshwater habitats toggle freshwater habitats subsection 1 1 rivers and streams 1 2 lakes and ponds 1 3 wetlands 2 freshwater organisms toggle freshwater organisms subsection 2 1 invertebrates 2 2 fish 2 3 amphibians 2 4 birds 2 5 aquatic plants 2 6 freshwater fungi 3 threats toggle threats subsection 3 1 pollution of flowing water 3 2 pollution of standing water 3 3 groundwater pollution and depletion 4 see also 5 references toggle the table of contents freshwater biology 8 languages العربية français հայերեն português simple english தமிழ் 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia scientific study of freshwater ecosystems and biology oxsjön a lake in sweden freshwater biology focuses on environments like lakes a pond in the oconee river floodplain in georgia whose surface is covered in duckweed but still contains fish freshwater biology is the scientific biological study of freshwater ecosystems and is a branch of limnology this field seeks to understand the relationships between living organisms in their physical environment these physical environments may include rivers lakes streams ponds reservoirs or wetlands 1 knowledge from this discipline is also widely used in industrial processes to make use of biological processes involved with sewage treatment 2 and water purification water presence and flow is an essential aspect to species distribution and influences when and where species interact in freshwater environments 1 in the uk the freshwater biological association based near windermere in cumbria was one of the early institutions to research the biology of freshwater and promote the concepts of trophism in lakes and demonstrated the process of migration from oligotrophic water through mesotrophic to marsh 3 freshwater biology is also used to study the effects of climate change and increased human impact on both aquatic systems and wider ecosystems 4 freshwater organisms vertebrates especially appear to be at a higher extinction risk from climate change than terrestrial or marine organisms 5 freshwater habitats edit freshwater habitats support a wide variety of organisms with habitats including rivers streams lakes ponds and wetlands 6 rivers and streams edit running water is a type of freshwater habitat that mainly consists of rivers and streams running fast moving waters have a higher oxygen content allowing different species to thrive and making pollution easier to combat 6 running water is an open system meaning it is not isolate and exchanges matter and energy with other systems 6 being an open system a lot of organic matter found in running water is from land runoff or further sediment upstream and this matter is an important source of food for many species flowing bodies of water begin at the headwaters which include springs lakes and snowmelt and travel to their mouths typically another moving water channel or the ocean 7 the characteristics of the streams and rivers change throughout their journey from the source to the mouth for example the water at the source is clearer has a higher oxygen content lower temperatures and heterotrophs common species in the middle the width usually expands and the species diversity increases due to temperature and oxygen content changes including aquatic green plants and algae the water at the mouth has a lower oxygen concentration and is murkier due to the sediment that has been collected and traveled along the length of the river or stream this increased sediment decreases the amount of light that is able to penetrate the water and there is less diversity of flora and the lower oxygen lowers the diversity of fauna 7 the riparian zone is the area along a riverbank or streambank that is home to vital high moisture plants these plants create a buffer between the land and the running water system protecting it from pollution and flooding additionally these plants provide a large habitat for many wetland species a large number of which are endangered or threatened lastly riparian plants shade the water from sunlight reducing the heat stress on the water and aquatic life while also providing nutrients in the form of organic matter 6 lakes and ponds edit standing water is a type of freshwater habitat that mainly consists of lakes and ponds this habitat has limited species diversity because they are isolated from one another and other water systems unlike running water 7 standing water bodies undergo stratification a process in which the water forms distinct layers at different depths due to temperature variations that cause differences in water density 8 stratification does not occur in running water because of the fast moving water that mixes water with varying oxygen content together the topmost layer has the most oxygen and as depth increases the oxygen decreases 6 stratification can be physically felt in the temperature of the water as the uppermost layer of water is warmer than deeper water because it has been heated by the sun this occurs during spring however during winter when the surface of a lake freezes the water just beneath the ice remains at around 1 c while deeper water stays near 4 c the temperature at which water is densest the boundary between these two layers of differing temperatures is known as the thermocline 9 standing water can be divided into three zones based on depth and distance from shore the littoral zone is the uppermost layer and the warmest water found in lakes and ponds as the sun directly heats is 7 this zone hosts the most biodiversity in standing water with a wide variety of organisms found here vital to the health of the ecosystem and an important aspect of the diet of organisms in the habitat like algae aquatic plants clams insects fish crustaceans and amphibians 7 the limnetic zone is found below the littoral zone this zone has lower temperatures is fairly well lit and is occupied by a smaller variety of organisms including phytoplankton zooplankton and fish 7 the plankton found in this zone play a crucial role in the food web of the habitat and support the diet of many important organisms the deepest zone is the profundal zone with very little light colder temperatures and higher density than the previous layers 7 when plankton die they fall into this layer and provide nutrients to the fauna that live in this layer these faunas are called heterotrophs meaning they eat dead organisms and use oxygen for cellular respiration resulting in lower oxygen content in the profundal zone 7 the mixing of the layers of water in standing water mostly comes from seasonal overturn during the fall and spring there is a mixing of layers usually due to wind that circulates oxygen and creates a more uniform temperature throughout the water system 7 the shore zone is the transitional zone between the water systems and land similar to the riparian zone seen in running water systems 6 this area functions in much the same way as the riparian zone the plants protecting the water from pollution flooding and heat stress while also providing nutrients and habitats for aquatic and wetland species wetlands edit wetlands are a specific type of standing water habitats that include marshes swamps and bogs due to the waterlogged and submerged nature of the land the anaerobic conditions of wetlands are unique and support the highest species diversity of all ecosystems 7 wetlands slow the decomposition of organic matter creating layers of rich organic material that provides important nutrients for species in the system the fauna that reside in wetlands are called hydrophytes meaning they are adapted to very moist and humid conditions 7 wetlands are the home to a large number of bird amphibian insect reptile grass and tree species that cannot inhabit any other system making them at risk to endangerment as wetlands are being destroyed for urban development and agriculture 6 wetlands help combat pollution and climate change as they filter pollutants and store a large amount of carbon from the biosphere in their moist soil and still water despite the small amount of land they occupy additionally wetlands provide flood and storm protection as the system can absorb large amounts of excess water 6 wetland s ability to absorb water also assists groundwater recharge which is very important for human water use as usable freshwater sources are dwindling wetlands are not only freshwater habitats and systems as there are salt marshes and bogs that support different species 7 carolina bays also known as pocosins meaning swamp on a hill are a unique form of wetland predominately found in the carolinas with a few being found outside of the carolinas along the east coast of the united states 10 carolina bays are characterized as elliptical shaped depressions that are surrounded by a sand rim and have a sandy bottom 10 this depression goes through wet and dry periods filling with rainwater during the winter and spring months and drying out in the summer 10 carolina bays often contain rare species some endemic to the bays 10 freshwater organisms edit freshwater organisms are generally divided into the categories of benthic and pelagic organisms as these are the two zones of life found in the freshwater biome freshwater organism can include invertebrates insects fish amphibians mammals birds aquatic plants aquatic fungi and planktons 7 invertebrates edit freshwater invertebrates include freshwater mollusks insects crustaceans and worms 11 freshwater invertebrates provide an important link in freshwater food chains transporting the nutrients and energy from producers such as algae and aquatic plants to higher consumers such as fish and amphibians 11 additionally invertebrates can act as important bio indicators for ecosystem health 11 fish edit freshwater fish include a are very diverse consisting of more than 18 000 species and making up 1 4 of the world s vertebrate species 12 around half of fish species live in freshwater environments the other half living in saltwater 13 some fish such as salmon and some species of shark are able to travel between the freshwater and saltwater environments linking the two 13 these fish are referred to as diadromous fish stemming from greek and meaning to run between in reference to the fish running between freshwater and saltwater 14 amphibians edit amphibians which include frogs toads salamanders and caecilians are a group that predominately exist in freshwater habitats amphibians are exotherms that possess thing skin meaning that they rely on water to remain hydrated 15 amphibians are amphibians can act as an indicator of environmental health as they are easily affected by changes in the environment such as pollution or climate change 15 birds edit water birds are a group of birds that rely on aquatic habitats for hunting resting and sometimes nesting 16 birds that rely on freshwater habitats include birds such as kingfishers flamingos and various types of waterfowl many species rely on the plants in these freshwater environments for nesting material habitat and food additionally freshwater birds act as a control for fish and insects in freshwater environments 16 aquatic plants edit aquatic plants or macrophytes act much like terrestrial plants providing the basis for the food chain removal of carbon dioxide and production of oxygen aquatic plants can be divided into 4 categories emergent floating leaved free floating and submerged 17 emergent macrophytes have stalks and leaves that rise above the water surface while floating leaved macrophytes are anchored in the lakebed with leaves that rest on the surface free floating macrophytes drift freely on the water and submerged macrophytes grow completely beneath the surface 18 freshwater fungi edit freshwater fungi are fungi that spend their whole or at least one part of their life cycle in water fungi are diverse in freshwater including fungi from almost all phyla of fungi encompassing 3 870 described species per 2022 19 20 they parttake in these ecosystems as decomposers lichens parasites mutualists and more ascomycetes are dominating the biodiversity with around 3 000 species with the majority being sordariomycetes 19 chytrids are mostly known from aquatic systems and encompass 333 described species where most of these are parasites of planktonic algae 19 most freshwater fungi are microscopic but are important drivers of nutrient cycling and in food webs threats edit the most common cause of water pollution is stormwater runoff from developed areas like pavement and rooftops 21 stormwater runoff is moving rain and snowmelt that has not been absorbed 21 the impervious surfaces used in domestic and urban construction replace soil that used to absorb stormwater increasing the amount of runoff traveling farther distances this excess runoff can collect pollutants as it eventually makes its way into streams rivers lakes wetlands and even aquifers polluting important freshwater ecosystems and usable water 21 additionally increased flooding and erosion can be caused by the increased stormwater runoff pollution of flowing water edit rivers and streams drain water that falls on upland areas and this moving water dissolves pollutants at a faster rate than standing water 21 however due to the high production and placement of pollutants in these moving waters the waters become polluted faster than the pollutant dilution rate leading to over polluted rivers and streams all three of the major contributors to pollution industry agriculture and cities are commonly found along moving waters adding to the over pollution of rivers and streams 21 just the knowledge that fast moving waters can dilute pollutants has encouraged even more pollution further adding to the pollution issue another issue contributing to the destruction of rivers and streams is the physical alteration of these moving waters mainly in the form of dams diversion of water channel alteration and land development 21 these alterations affect water temperature water flow patterns and increase sediment destroying important habitat conditions for many aquatic organisms and reducing water quality 21 an area of contention regarding the pollution of streams and rivers is the concept that the pollution upstream affects the people downstream 21 a factory s waste upstream may contaminate someone s drinking water downstream this especially becomes an issue with bodies of moving water that border multiple countries or states as what one country or state does upst...
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