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imilar to laundry in modern papermaking various heated drying mechanisms are employed with the steam heated can dryer being the most prevalent on paper machines 1 2 3 history edit papermaking as a craft is ancient and for centuries it used various fibers mainly grasses cereal straws and others or rags from old clothing made from them in various preindustrial times and places the commercial planting of domesticated mulberry trees to make pulp for papermaking is attested as early as the 6th century 4 due to advances in printing technology the chinese paper industry continued to grow under the song dynasty to meet the rising demand for printed books demand for paper was also stimulated by the song government which needed a large supply of paper to print paper money and exchange certificates 5 an example of an enterprising paper mill during the late phase of the preindustrial era is the mill by william rittenhouse and sons at what is now preserved as historic rittenhouse town in pennsylvania the first mechanized paper machine was installed at frogmore paper mill apsley hertfordshire in 1803 followed by another in 1804 6 the site operates currently as a museum 7 during the 19th and 20th centuries the paper chemical technologies for making the pulp from wood rather than grasses underwent some major industrial era upgrades as first the soda pulping process and then the kraft process helped reduce the unit cost of paper manufacture this made paper newly abundant and along with continual advancements in printing press technologies as well as in transport technologies for distribution during these same centuries led to greatly increased sales and circulation of newspapers other periodicals and books of every kind environmental effects edit main article environmental impact of paper the pulp and paper industry has been criticized by environmental groups like the natural resources defense council for unsustainable deforestation and clearcutting of old growth forest 8 the industry trend is to expand globally to countries like russia china and indonesia with low wages and low environmental oversight 9 according to greenpeace farmers in central america illegally rip up vast tracts of native forest for cattle and soybean production without any consequences 10 and companies who buy timber from private land owners contribute to massive deforestation of the amazon rainforest 11 on the other hand the situation is quite different where forest growth has been on the increase for a number of years it is estimated for instance that since 1990 forests have grown in europe by 17 million hectares 12 which has been supported through the practice of sustainable forest management by the industry in sweden for every tree that is felled two are planted 13 the pulp and paper industry consumes a significant amount of water and energy and produces wastewater with a high concentration of chemical oxygen demand cod among other contaminants 14 recent studies underline coagulation as an appropriate pre treatment of pulp and paper industrial wastewater and as a cost effective solution for the removal of cod and the reduction of pressures on the aquatic environment 15 current production volumes and sales edit the industry is dominated by north american united states and canada northern european finland sweden and north west russia and east asian countries such as east siberian russia china japan and south korea australasia and brazil also have significant pulp and paper enterprises the industry also has a significant presence in a number of european countries including germany portugal italy the netherlands and poland the united states had been the world s leading producer of paper until it was overtaken by china in 2009 16 list of main countries by production quantity edit according to data from statista china produced 110 million metric tons in 2018 followed by the us with 72 million 17 according to statistic data by risi main producing countries of paper and paperboard not including pulp in the world are as follows 18 rank 2011 country production in 2011 1 000 ton share 2011 rank 2010 production in 2010 1 000 ton 1 china 99 300 24 9 1 92 599 2 united states 75 083 18 8 2 75 849 3 japan 26 627 6 7 3 27 288 4 germany 22 698 5 7 4 23 122 5 canada 12 112 3 0 5 12 787 6 south korea 11 492 2 9 8 11 120 7 finland 11 329 2 8 6 11 789 8 sweden 11 298 2 8 7 11 410 9 brazil 10 159 2 5 10 9 796 10 indonesia 10 035 2 5 9 9 951 world total 398 975 100 0 394 244 list of main company groups by production quantity edit the world s main paper and paperboard company groups are as follows some figures are estimates 19 rank company group country production in 2015 1 000 ton rank by sales 1 international paper united states 23 315 1 2 nine dragon paper holdings china 12 630 2 3 westrock united states 12 487 4 4 upm finland 9 771 5 5 stora enso finland 9 188 8 6 oji paper company japan 9 115 3 7 sappi south africa 7 306 15 8 smurfit kappa ireland 7 000 9 9 ds smith united kingdom 6 802 13 10 nippon paper japan 6 542 11 list by net sales edit in 2008 the top 10 forest paper and packaging products companies were according to a report by pricewaterhousecoopers 20 rank company country 2008 net sales us m 2008 net income loss us m 1 international paper united states 24 829 1 282 2 kimberly clark united states 19 415 1 690 3 sca sweden 16 965 sek 857 4 stora enso finland 16 227 991 5 upm finland 13 920 263 6 oji paper japan 12 788 114 7 nippon unipac japan 11 753 55 8 smurfit kappa ireland 10 390 73 9 metsä group finland 9 335 313 10 mondi uk south africa 9 466 310 manufacturers and suppliers for the industry edit pulp paper building in japan it hosts many organizations in the pulp and paper industry leading manufacturers of capital equipment with over 1 billion in annual revenue for the pulp and paper industry include valmet bellmer andritz metso voith parason machinery scan machineries kadant statiflo see also edit american forest paper association list of paper mills converters industry pulp and paper industry in canada pulp and paper industry in europe confederation of european paper industries pulp and paper industry in japan pulp and paper industry in the united states roll hardness tester wood industry forestry industry references edit bajpai pratima 2018 paper manufacture wet end operation biermann s handbook of pulp and paper pp 95 135 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 814238 7 00005 2 isbn 978 0 12 814238 7 clapperton r h 1967 the paper making machine doi 10 1016 c2013 0 10000 1 isbn 978 0 08 001975 8 page needed sindall robert walter 1906 paper technology an elementary manual on the manufacture physical qualities and chemical constituents of paper and of paper making fibres c griffin limited page needed needham tsuen hsuin 1985 p 58 needham tsuen hsuin 1985 p 48 hills richard leslie 1988 papermaking in britain 1488 1988 a short history athlone press isbn 978 0 485 11346 4 page needed the paper trail at frogmore mill apsley paper trail charity retrieved 2 february 2017 nrdc paper industry laying waste to north american forests www nrdc org retrieved 19 february 2016 a crumpling paper industry oregon local news archived from the original on may 8 2016 retrieved 19 february 2016 amazon draught speeds up destruction the we news archives www thewe cc archived from the original on 25 december 2016 retrieved 19 february 2016 phillips tom 20 may 2011 brazil forms crisis cabinet following unexpected deforestation surge the guardian forests european environment agency www eea europa eu retrieved 2021 09 11 will the eu turn the tide on forest growth and torpedo its bioeconomy agenda euractiv com 15 june 2017 auer matthew r 2018 12 18 toxic releases from an industry in decline environmental trends in maine s pulp and paper sector environmental quality management 28 2 31 38 bibcode 2018envqm 28 31a doi 10 1002 tqem 21594 s2cid 116422861 boguniewicz zablocka joanna klosok bazan iwona naddeo vincenzo mozejko clara a april 2020 cost effective removal of cod in the pre treatment of wastewater from the paper industry water science and technology 81 7 1345 1353 bibcode 2020wstec 81 1345b doi 10 2166 wst 2019 328 hdl 11336 127959 pmid 32616687 de sisti mike 12 december 2012 china s paper operation pulitzer center on crisis reporting retrieved 13 april 2013 paper and cardboard production worldwide japan in the world according to the figure in annual review of global pulp and paper statistics by risi in japanese japan paper association retrieved 15 november 2012 the ppi top 100 risi retrieved 2 february 2017 global forest paper packaging industry survey 2009 edition survey of 2008 results pdf pricewaterhousecoopers p 12 retrieved 24 february 2011 sources edit needham joseph tsuen hsuin tsien 1985 paper and printing science and civilisation in china cambridge university press isbn 978 0 521 08690 5 external links edit confederation of european paper industries american forest paper association af pa forest products association of canada fpac v t e forestry index forest areas ministries research institutes colleges journals arbor day types agroforestry dehesa analog forestry bamboo forestry close to nature forestry community forestry ecoforestry energy forestry mycoforestry permaforestry plantation forestry social forestry sustainable forestry urban forest urban forestry ecology and management arboriculture controlled burn debris coarse driftwood large log jam slash dendrology ecological thinning even aged management fire ecology forest dynamics informatics ipm inventory governance law global forest information service old growth pathology protection restoration secondary stand transition trillion tree campaign forest certification atfs cfs fsc pefc sfi smartwood woodland carbon code forestation afforestation reforestation formally designated glade growth and yield modelling horticulture gm trees i tree urban multipurpose tree silviculture sustainable management tree allometry breeding tree measurement crown girth height volume environmental topics acid rain carbon sequestration clearcutting deforestation ecosystem services forest degradation forest dieback forest fragmentation forest reference emission level ghost forest great green wall africa great green wall china high grading illegal logging timber mafia invasive species wilding million tree initiative national forest monitoring system redd shifting cultivation chitemene slash and burn slash and char svedjebruk timber recycling tree hugging urban forest inequity wildfire industries coppicing forest farming forest gardening logging manufacturing lumber plywood pulp and paper sawmilling products biochar biomass charcoal non timber palm oil rayon rubber tanbark rail transport tree farm christmas trees wood engineered fuel mahogany spruce pine fir teak woodworking green woodworking occupations forester arborist bucker choker setter ecologist feller firefighter handcrew hotshot lookout smokejumper river driver truck driver log scaler lumberjack ranger resin tapper rubber tapper shingle weaver timber cruiser tree planter wood process engineer wikiproject trees portal category outline v t e paper paper engineering papermaking history paper ancestors bamboo and wooden slips barkcloth amate tapa birch bark palm leaf papyrus parchment vellum developers cai lun damjing matthias koops friedrich gottlob keller charles fenerty scholars timothy barrett thomas francis carter dard hunter tsien tsuen hsuin types of paper by plant fiber banana manila hemp cotton dung dó hemp lokta mulberry daluang hanji saa samarkand washi pith rice pulpwood rag india mummy xuan stone by process acidic acid free air laid blue cardboard cardstock corrugated fiberboard paperboard bristol crêpe glassine kraft laid ingres onionskin paper towel seed tissue toilet wasli wood free wove coated asphalt photographic rosin tar thermal wax by use bible blotting bond butcher construction display cartridge contact copy 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