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ontology of quranic concepts qur an word by word audio prayer times __ sign in search __ ontology of quranic concepts word by word quran dictionary english translation syntactic treebank ontology of concepts overview concept map topic index documentation quranic grammar message board resources feedback java api __ the quranic ontology uses knowledge representation to define the key concepts in the quran and shows the relationships between these concepts using predicate logic the fundamental concepts in the ontology are based on the knowledge contained in traditional sources of quranic analysis including the hadīth of the prophet muhammad and the tafsīr quranic exegesis of ibn kathīr named entities in verses such as the names of historic people and places mentioned in the quran are linked to concepts in the ontology as part of named entity tagging the diagram below shows a visual representation of the ontology the graph is a network of 300 linked concepts with 350 relations fig 1 the quranic ontology each node in the graph represents a unique concept in the quran as well as listing the major concepts in the quran the ontology also defines a set of semantic relations between these concepts the most important relation is the set membership relation instance in which one concept is defined to be an instance or individual member of another group for example the relation satan is a jinn in the ontology would represent the knowledge contained in the quran that the individual known as satan belongs to the set of sentient creations named the jinn other concepts in the ontology and grouped into logical categories according to the properties that they share for example the sun earth and moon are classified under astronomical body fig 2 a closer look at the ontology showing the semantic relations between concepts pronoun resolution in the quranic arabic corpus morphological word segments are linked to concepts in the ontology in order to resolve pronouns an example can be found in the first verse at the start of chapter 97 sahih international indeed we sent the qur an down during the night of decree although the translation correctly reads we sent down the quran the original arabic text uses pronouns and does not explicitly mention the quran in this verse a more literal translation would be we sent it down through traditional quranic exegesis tafsīr ibn kathīr we know that this verse refers to allah revealing the quran during the night of decree translation arabic word syntax and morphology 97 1 1 innā indeed we acc accusative particle pron 1st person plural object pronoun allah حرف نصب و نا ضمير متصل في محل نصب اسم ان 97 1 2 anzalnāhu revealed it v 1st person plural form iv perfect verb pron subject pronoun allah pron 3rd person masculine singular object pronoun quran فعل ماض و نا ضمير متصل في محل رفع فاعل والهاء ضمير متصل في محل نصب مفعول به fig 3 pronoun resolution for verse 97 1 figure 3 above shows morphological annotation for the first two words of verse 97 1 this annotation includes pronoun resolution where attached pronoun clitics are hyperlinked to concepts in the quranic ontology allah and the quran pron subject pronoun allah pron 3rd person masculine singular object pronoun quran named entity tagging as well as pronouns named entities found in the arabic text of the quran are also linked to concepts in the ontology figure 4 below shows the remaining morphological annotation for verse 97 1 this verse includes a named entity known as the night of decree also translated as the night of power this is the night in the month of ramadan in which the quran was first revealed to the prophet muhammad translation arabic word syntax and morphology 97 1 3 fī in p preposition حرف جر 97 1 4 laylati the night n genitive feminine noun night of decree اسم مجرور 97 1 5 l qadri of power n genitive masculine noun اسم مجرور fig 4 a named entity in verse 97 1 a named entity may span multiple words and the full length of the span is recorded during named entity annotation the website displays the syntactic head word in the span as being linked to the corresponding concept in the ontology as shown in 97 1 4 above in this particular case the head word is the first word in the possessive construction of iḍāfa إضافَة n genitive feminine noun night of decree see also concept the root entity in the ontology ontology information science wikipedia article discussing ontologies and knowledge representation language research group university of leeds __ copyright kais dukes 2009 2017 maintained by the quran com team this is an open source project the quranic arabic corpus is available under the gnu public license with terms of use
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