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ar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 46 37 49 n 119 38 50 w 46 63028 n 119 64722 w 46 63028 119 64722 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia first industrial scale nuclear reactor united states historic place b reactor u s national register of historic places u s national historic landmark the face of b reactor during construction location within washington state show map of washington state location within the united states show map of the united states location about 5 3 miles 8 5 km northeast of junction of state route 24 and state route 240 on the hanford site nearest city richland washington coordinates 46 37 49 n 119 38 50 w 46 63028 n 119 64722 w 46 63028 119 64722 area 9 5 acres 3 8 ha built 7 june 1943 1 to september 1944 2 architect e i dupont de nemours company nrhp reference no 92000245 significant dates added to nrhp 3 april 1992 designated nhl 19 august 2008 3 the b reactor at the hanford site near richland washington was the first large scale nuclear reactor ever built at 250 mw it achieved criticality on september 26 1944 this reactor was of vital importance to the manhattan project the united states nuclear weapons development program during world war ii its purpose was to convert part of its natural uranium fuel into plutonium 239 by neutron activation for use in nuclear weapons pure plutonium was then chemically separated at the site s t plant as an alternative to the project s uranium enrichment plants in tennessee the b reactor was graphite moderated and water cooled via a contaminating open cycle with the columbia river it was preceded by clinton laboratory s x 10 graphite reactor a pilot plant for reactor production and chemical separation of plutonium which by mid 1944 had reached a capacity of 4 mw the b reactor thus represented a massive leap of two orders of magnitude in reactor design primarily constructed by dupont the operation was assisted by scientists including enrico fermi john archibald wheeler and chien shiung wu two identical reactors the d reactor and f reactor were launched in december 1944 and february 1945 the plutonium from the site was used in the trinity test the fat man bomb detonated above nagasaki the demon core and thousands of us warheads during the cold war by the early 1960s the reactors had been upgraded to capacities of 2000 mw it is historically significant as the world s first large scale reactor the first to use water cooling the first to experience xenon poisoning the first employed for thermonuclear weapon tritium production and the seventh critical assembly in total the reactor was permanently shut down in february 1968 it has been designated a u s national historic landmark since 19 august 2008 3 4 and in july 2011 the national park service recommended that the b reactor be included in the manhattan project national historical park commemorating the manhattan project 5 visitors can take a tour of the reactor by advance reservation 6 design and construction edit the reactor was designed and built by e i du pont de nemours and company based on experimental designs tested by enrico fermi at the university of chicago and tests from the x 10 graphite reactor at oak ridge national laboratory it was designed to operate at 250 megawatts thermal the purpose of the reactor was to breed plutonium from natural uranium metal enriching fissionable 235 u from 238 u the dominant natural isotope was extremely complex plutonium s distinct chemistry made separation trivial by comparison for example the y12 uranium enrichment plant in tennessee required 14 700 tons of silver loaned by the treasury department for the windings in its calutrons employed 22 000 people and consumed more electrical power than most states reactor b on the other hand needed only a few dozen employees and far fewer exotic materials required in much smaller quantities the most important special material needed were the 1 200 tons of purified graphite for neutron moderation and only enough electricity to run the cooling pumps 7 8 the reactor has a footprint of 46 by 38 ft 14 by 12 m about 1 750 sq ft 163 m 2 and is 41 ft 12 m tall giving a volume of 71 500 cu ft 2 020 m 3 the reactor core itself consists of a 36 ft tall 11 m graphite box measuring 28 by 36 ft 8 5 by 11 0 m occupying a volume of 36 288 cu ft 1 027 6 m 3 and weighing 1 200 short tons 1 100 t it is penetrated horizontally through its entire length by 2 004 aluminum tubes containing fuel and vertically by channels housing the control rods 4 the core is surrounded by a thermal shield of cast iron 8 to 10 in 20 to 25 cm thick weighing 1 000 short tons 910 t masonite and steel plates enclose the thermal shield on its top and sides forming a biological shield for radiation protection the bottom of the thermal shield was supported by a 23 ft thick 7 0 m concrete pad topped by cast iron blocks based on the success of the first atomic pile graphite was selected to moderate the nuclear reaction this reaction was fueled by 200 short tons 180 t of metallic uranium slugs approximately 25 mm 1 in diameter 70 mm 3 in long about as large as of a roll of quarters 4 sealed in aluminum cans and loaded into the aluminum tubes 4 the reactor was water cooled its coolant was pumped from the hanford reach of the columbia river through the aluminum tubes and around the uranium slugs at a rate of 75 000 us gal 280 000 l per minute the water was discharged into settling basins water was held in the basins to permit the decay of short lived radioactive waste the settling out of particulate matter gathered from the reactor and for the water to cool to within 11 f of the river s temperature it was then discharged back into the columbia river 9 map of the hanford site with the b c reactor site shown at the upper left operation edit the b reactor had its first nuclear chain reaction in september 1944 the d reactor in december 1944 and the f reactor in february 1945 the initial operation was halted by a problem identified as neutron absorption by the fission product xenon 135 first identified in a research paper of chien shiung wu that was shared with fermi 10 it was overcome by increasing the amount of uranium charged the reactor produced plutonium 239 by irradiating uranium 238 with neutrons generated by the nuclear reaction it was one of three reactors along with the d and f reactors built about six miles 10 km apart on the south bank of the columbia river each reactor had its own auxiliary facilities that included a river pump house large storage and settling basins a filtration plant large motor driven pumps for delivering water to the face of the pile and facilities for emergency cooling in case of a power failure 4 emergency shutdown of the reactor referred to as a scram was attained either by rapidly fully inserting the vertical safety rods or as a backup method by the injection of borated water into the reactor in january 1952 the borated water system was replaced by a ball 3x system that injected nickel plated high boron steel balls into the channels occupied by the vertical safety rods 4 the plutonium for the nuclear bomb used in the trinity test in new mexico and the fat man bomb dropped on nagasaki japan was created in the b reactor the b reactor ran for two decades and was joined by additional reactors constructed later it was permanently shut down in february 1968 4 11 current status edit exterior of the hanford b reactor as of 2018 hanford b reactor control station as of 2018 hanford b reactor tubes and elevator as of 2018 the united states department of energy has administered the site since 1977 12 13 and offers public tours on set dates during the spring summer and fall of the year as well as special tours for visiting officials 6 14 as of 2014 update six of the nine production reactors at hanford were considered to be in interim safe storage status and two more were to receive similar treatment the exception was the b reactor which was given special status for its historical significance 15 in a process called cocooning or entombment the reactor buildings are demolished up to the 4 ft thick 1 2 m concrete shield around the reactor core any openings are sealed and a new roof is built 16 most auxiliary buildings at the first three reactors have been demolished as well the c reactor was put into operation in 1952 and was shut down in 1969 17 it was cocooned as of 1998 18 the d reactor operated from 1944 to june 1967 and was cocooned in 2004 the dr reactor went online in october 1950 19 and was shut down in 1964 it was cocooned in 2002 20 the f reactor was shut down in june 1965 and cocooned in 2003 21 the h reactor became operational as of october 1949 and was shut down as of april 1965 it was cocooned as of 2005 22 cocooning of the n reactor which operated from 1963 to 1987 was completed as of 14 june 2012 23 the decommissioned reactors are inspected every five years by the department of energy 18 the k east and k west reactors were built in the 1950s and went into use in 1955 they were shut down in 1970 and 1971 but reused temporarily for storage later 24 preliminary plans for interim stabilizing of the k east and k west reactors were underway as of 30 january 2018 16 the b reactor was added to the national register of historic places 92000245 on 3 april 1992 a record of decision rod was issued in 1999 and an epa action memorandum in 2001 authorized hazards mitigation in the reactor with the intention of allowing public tours of the reactor 25 it was named a national historic landmark on 19 august 2008 3 4 in december 2014 passage of the 2015 national defense authorization act ndaa made the b reactor part of the manhattan project national historical park which also includes historic sites at oak ridge tennessee and los alamos new mexico 26 27 the park was formally established by a memorandum of agreement on november 10 2015 which was signed by the national park service and the department of energy museum development at hanford may include the b reactor bruggemann s warehouse hanford high school pump house and white bluffs bank 28 timeline of major events edit year date event 1943 october u s army corps of engineers breaks ground to build b reactor 29 1944 13 september first uranium fuel slug loaded into b reactor 29 1944 26 september initial reactor criticality achieved 29 1945 3 february b reactor plutonium delivered to los alamos 29 1945 16 july b reactor plutonium used in world s first nuclear explosion trinity test site new mexico 29 1945 9 august b reactor plutonium used in fat man bomb dropped on nagasaki japan 29 1946 march b reactor operations suspended 29 1948 june b reactor operation resumed 29 1949 march b reactor begins production of tritium for use in hydrogen bombs 29 1954 1 march first use of b reactor tritium in a test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at bikini atoll citation needed 1968 january 29 atomic energy commission directs shutdown of b reactor 29 1976 b reactor declared national historic mechanical engineering landmark by american society of mechanical engineers 29 1994 b reactor declared national historic civil engineering landmark by american society of civil engineers 29 2008 b reactor declared national historic landmark by u s department of interior and national park service 29 2009 u s department of energy announces public tours 30 2011 july national park service recommends b reactor be included in a national historic park commemorating the manhattan project 5 2014 december 2015 national defense authorization act ndaa includes b reactor in manhattan project national historical park 26 2015 10 november manhattan project national historical park formally established by memorandum of agreement 28 see also edit list of national historic landmarks in washington national register of historic places listings in benton county washington references edit shannon dininny 26 august 2008 world s first nuclear reactor now a landmark associated press archived from the original on 16 september 2008 retrieved 26 august 2008 construction began on june 7 1943 department of energy b reactor united states department of energy 20 april 2007 archived from the original on 16 september 2008 retrieved 26 august 2008 completed in september 1944 1 2 3 weekly list actions pdf national park service 29 august 2008 archived from the original on 31 october 2008 retrieved 30 august 2008 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 michele s gerber brian casserly frederick l brown february 2007 national historic landmark nomination b reactor 105 b the 105 b building in the 100 b c area at hanford pdf report national park service archived from the original pdf on 26 october 2012 1 2 cary annette 13 july 2011 hanford park service recommends b reactor for national park tri city herald retrieved 17 july 2011 cite news cs1 maint deprecated archival service link 1 2 the b reactor national historic landmark manhattan project b reactor retrieved 12 november 2015 the new world 1939 page 71 richard g hewlett 1972 b reactor u s department of energy united states department of energy hanford site virtual tours 100 b area hanford site website richland washington archived from the original on 17 september 2008 retrieved 23 october 2009 dicke william 18 february 1997 chien shiung wu 84 top experimental physicist boyle rebecca 2017 greetings from isotopia distillations 3 3 26 35 retrieved 19 june 2018 long tony 4 august 1977 all u s energy placed under single roof wired com retrieved 19 june 2018 s 826 95th congress department of energy organization act www govtrack us 1977 retrieved 19 june 2018 hanford site tours hanford gov retrieved 19 june 2018 national research council 2014 best practices for risk informed decision making regarding contaminated sites summary of a workshop series washington dc the national academies press isbn 978 0 309 30305 7 retrieved 19 june 2018 1 2 office of environmental management 30 january 2018 hanford workers enter reactor to prepare for cocooning energy gov retrieved 19 june 2018 c reactor hanford gov retrieved 19 june 2018 1 2 cary annette 4 july 2015 looking inside hanford s cocooned reactors tri city herald retrieved 19 june 2018 d and dr reactors hanford gov retrieved 19 june 2018 iss reactors hanford gov retrieved 19 june 2018 cary annette 22 october 2014 hanford s f reactor passes 5 year inspection tri city herald retrieved 19 june 2018 h reactor hanford gov retrieved 19 june 2018 office of environmental management 14 june 2012 n reactor placed in interim safe storage largest hanford reactor cocooning project now complete energy gov retrieved 19 june 2018 gerber michele stenehjem 2007 on the home front the cold war legacy of the hanford nuclear site 3rd ed lincoln university of nebras...
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