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pressure from the defense department led to that authority being transferred to the air force 35 after the loss of a cia u 2 over the soviet union in may 1960 it was thought that if another u 2 were shot down an air force aircraft apparently being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a cia flight when reconnaissance missions were permitted again on 9 october 1962 poor weather kept the planes from flying the us first obtained u 2 photographic evidence of the soviet missiles on 14 october 1962 when a u 2 flight piloted by major richard heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by dia analysts capturing images of what turned out to be an ss 4 construction site at san cristóbal pinar del río province now in artemisa province in western cuba 74 one of the first u 2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to president kennedy on the morning of 16 october 1962 president notified on 15 october 1962 the cia s national photographic interpretation center npic reviewed the u 2 photographs and identified objects that appeared to be medium range ballistic missiles this identification was made partly on the strength of reporting provided by oleg penkovsky a double agent in the gru working for the cia and mi6 although he provided no direct reports of soviet missile deployments to cuba technical and doctrinal details of soviet missile regiments that had been provided by penkovsky in the months and years prior to the crisis helped npic analysts to identify the missiles in u 2 imagery 75 that evening the cia notified the department of state and at 8 30 pm edt bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the president mcnamara was briefed at midnight the next morning bundy showed kennedy the u 2 photographs and briefed him on the cia s analysis of the images 76 at 6 30 pm edt kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the national security council and five other key advisers 77 in a group he named the executive committee of the national security council excomm after the fact on 22 october by national security action memorandum 196 78 without informing the members of excomm president kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings and sheldon m stern head of the kennedy library transcribed some of them 79 80 on 16 october president kennedy notified attorney general robert kennedy that he was convinced the soviets were placing missiles on cuba that it was a legitimate threat and that the possibility of nuclear destruction by two world superpowers had become a reality robert kennedy responded by contacting the soviet ambassador anatoly dobrynin robert kennedy expressed his concern about what was happening and dobrynin was instructed by soviet chairman nikita s khrushchev to assure president kennedy that there would be no ground to ground missiles or offensive weapons placed in cuba khrushchev further assured kennedy that the soviet union had no intention of disrupting the relationship of our two countries despite the photo evidence presented before president kennedy 81 responses considered president kennedy meets in the oval office with general curtis lemay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in cuba the us had no plan for a response in place because it had never expected that the soviets would install nuclear missiles on cuba excomm discussed several possible courses of action 82 do nothing american vulnerability to soviet missiles was not new diplomacy use diplomatic pressure to induce the soviet union to remove the missiles secret approach offer castro the choice of parting from the soviets or being invaded invasion full force invasion of cuba and overthrow of castro air strike use the us air force to attack all known missile sites blockade use the us navy to block any missiles from arriving in cuba game tree models how the us and the soviet union would have considered their decisions the joint chiefs of staff unanimously agreed that a full scale attack and invasion was the only solution they believed that the soviets would not attempt to stop the us from conquering cuba kennedy was skeptical they no more than we can let these things go by without doing something they can t after all their statements permit us to take out their missiles kill a lot of russians and then do nothing if they don t take action in cuba they certainly will in berlin 83 kennedy concluded that attacking cuba by air would signal the soviets to presume a clear line to conquer berlin kennedy also believed that us allies would think of the country as trigger happy cowboys who lost berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the cuban situation 84 president kennedy and secretary of defense mcnamara in an excomm meeting 29 october 1962 excomm considered the effect on the strategic balance of power both political and military the joint chiefs of staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance but mcnamara disagreed an extra 40 he reasoned would make little difference to the overall strategic balance the us already had approximately 5 000 strategic warheads 85 but the soviet union had only 300 mcnamara concluded that the soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance in 1990 he reiterated that it made no difference the military balance wasn t changed i didn t believe it then and i don t believe it now 86 it was agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance kennedy had explicitly promised the american people less than a month before the crisis that if cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the united states the united states would act 87 674 681 further us credibility among its allies and people would be damaged if the soviet union appeared to redress the strategic imbalance by placing missiles in cuba kennedy explained after the crisis that it would have politically changed the balance of power it would have appeared to and appearances contribute to reality 88 president kennedy meets in the oval office with soviet foreign minister andrei gromyko 18 october 1962 on 18 october 1962 kennedy met soviet minister of foreign affairs andrei gromyko who claimed that the weapons were for defensive purposes only not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the american public 89 kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup 90 operational plans two operational plans oplan were considered oplan 316 envisioned a full invasion of cuba by army and marine units supported by the navy following air force and naval airstrikes army units in the us would have had difficulty fielding mechanised and logistical assets and the us navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armoured contingent from the army oplan 312 primarily an air force and navy carrier operation was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for oplan 316 s ground forces 91 blockade a us navy p 2h neptune of vp 18 flying over a soviet cargo ship with crated il 28s on deck during the cuban crisis 92 kennedy conferred with members of excomm and other top advisers throughout 21 october and considered the two remaining options an air strike primarily against the cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of cuba 90 a full scale invasion was not the administration s first option mcnamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that would leave the us in control the term blockade was problematic according to international law a blockade is an act of war but the kennedy administration did not think that the soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade 93 legal experts at the state department and justice department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification based on the rio treaty for defence of the western hemisphere was obtained from a resolution by a two thirds vote from the members of the organization of american states oas 94 admiral george anderson chief of naval operations wrote a position paper that helped kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a quarantine 95 of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention since it would take place in international waters kennedy obtained the approval of the oas for military action under the hemispheric defence provisions of the rio treaty latin american participation in the quarantine now involved two argentine destroyers which were to report to the us commander south atlantic comsolant at trinidad on november 9 an argentine submarine and a marine battalion with lift were available if required in addition two venezuelan destroyers destroyers arv d 11 nueva esparta and arv d 21 zulia and one submarine caribe had reported to comsolant ready for sea by november 2 the government of trinidad and tobago offered the use of chaguaramas naval base to warships of any oas nation for the duration of the quarantine the dominican republic had made available one escort ship colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the us to discuss this assistance the argentine air force informally offered three sa 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the quarantine operation 96 this initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the organization of american states and the rio treaty such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport the action was to be backed up by surveillance of cuba the cno s scenario was followed closely in later implementing the quarantine on 19 october the excomm formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options and by the afternoon most support in the excomm had shifted to a blockade reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as 21 october the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect the soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles and the us could find itself bombing operational missiles if the blockade had not already forced their removal 97 99 101 speech to the nation president kennedy signing the proclamation for interdiction of the delivery of offensive weapons to cuba at the oval office on 23 october 1962 98 at 3 00 pm edt on 22 october 1962 president kennedy formally established the executive committee excomm with national security action memorandum nsam 196 at 5 00 pm he met congressional leaders who opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response in moscow us ambassador foy d kohler briefed khrushchev on the pending blockade and kennedy s speech to the nation ambassadors around the world gave notice to non eastern bloc leaders before the speech us delegations met canadian prime minister john diefenbaker british prime minister harold macmillan west german chancellor konrad adenauer french president charles de gaulle and secretary general of the organization of american states josé antonio mora to brief them on this intelligence and the us s proposed response all were supportive of the us position over the course of the crisis kennedy had daily telephone conversations with macmillan who was publicly supportive of us actions 99 shortly before his speech kennedy telephoned former president dwight eisenhower 100 kennedy s conversation with the former president also revealed that the two had been consulting during the cuban missile crisis 101 the two also anticipated that khrushchev would respond to the western world in a manner similar to his response during the suez crisis and would possibly wind up trading off clarification needed berlin 101 address on the buildup of arms in cuba kennedy addressing the nation on 22 october 1962 about the buildup of arms on cuba problems playing this file see media help english wikisource has original text related to this article cuban missile crisis at 7 00 pm edt on 22 october kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles he noted it shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from cuba against any nation in the western hemisphere as an attack by the soviet union on the united states requiring a full retaliatory response upon the soviet union 102 kennedy described the administration s plan to halt this offensive buildup a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to cuba is being initiated all ships of any kind bound for cuba from whatever nation or port will if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons be turned back this quarantine will be extended if needed to other types of cargo and carriers we are not at this time however denying the necessities of life as the soviets attempted to do in their berlin blockade of 1948 102 during the speech a directive went out to all us forces worldwide placing them on defcon 3 the heavy cruiser uss newport news was the designated flagship for the blockade 95 with uss leary as newport news s destroyer escort 96 kennedy s speech writer ted sorensen stated in 2007 that the address to the nation was kennedy s most important speech historically in terms of its impact on our planet 103 crisis deepens on 23 october 1962 us air force rf 101a c voodoos and us navy rf 8a crusaders began flying extremely hazardous low level photo reconnaissance missions over cuba 104 105 106 107 108 only once did the cuban air force scramble a mig 19 to attempt a shoot down but the attempt was unsuccessful 109 soviet first secretary khrushchev s letter to kennedy dated 24 october 1962 stating that the blockade of cuba constitute s an act of aggression 110 111 at 11 24 am edt on 24 october a cable from us under secretary of state george ball to the us ambassadors in turkey and nato notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw missiles from italy and turkey in exchange for soviet withdrawal from cuba turkish officials replied that they would deeply resent any trade involving the us missile presence in their country 112 one day later on the morning of 25 october american journalist walter lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column castro reaffirmed cuba s right to self defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and cuba would not allow an inspection 15 international response in the united kingdom prime minister harold macmillan supported kennedy s response the british ambassador to the united states david ormsby gore was a close family friend of the kennedys and actively involved in white house discussions on how to resolve the crisis 113 in west germany newspapers supported the us response by contrasting it with the weak american actions in the region during the preceding months they also expressed some fear that the soviets might retaliate in berlin...
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