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time as divers or as general water police officers or be volunteers who usually serve in other units but are called in if their diving services are required the duties carried out by police divers include rescue diving for underwater casualties and search and recovery diving for evidence and bodies 42 scientific edit main articles scientific diving and underwater archaeology a scientific diver at work scientific diving is the use of underwater diving techniques by scientists to perform work underwater in the direct pursuit of scientific knowledge 11 scientific divers are normally qualified scientists first and divers second who use diving equipment and techniques as their way to get to the location of their fieldwork the direct observation and manipulation of marine habitats afforded to scuba equipped scientists have transformed the marine sciences generally and marine biology and marine chemistry in particular 43 underwater archeology and geology are other examples of sciences pursued underwater some scientific diving is carried out by universities in support of undergraduate or postgraduate research programs and government bodies such as the united states environmental protection agency and the uk environment agency carry out scientific diving to recover samples of water marine organisms and sea lake or riverbed material to examine for signs of pollution activities are widely varied and may include visual counts and measurements of organisms in situ collection of samples underwater surveys photography videography video mosaicing benthic coring coral coring and deployment maintenance and retrieval of scientific equipment 44 45 46 surveys include site surveys geological surveys baseline and monitoring ecological surveys which may involve the use of transect and quadrat methodology a bibliographic analysis of papers published between 1995 and 2006 that have been supported by scientific diving shows that diving supports scientific research through efficient and targeted sampling activities include collection of specimen organisms and biological samples observing and recording animal behaviour quantitative surveys in situ measurements impact studies ecological analyses evaluation of techniques mapping underwater areas profiling geology and deploying and retrieving underwater equipment 47 media and entertainment edit main article media diving underwater photographer documenting a surface supplied dive media diving is underwater diving in support of the media industries including the practice of underwater photography and underwater cinematography and underwater videography outside of normal recreational interests 48 media diving is often carried out in support of television documentaries featuring underwater photography or footage media divers are normally highly skilled camera operators who use diving as a method to reach their workplace although some underwater photographers start as recreational divers and move on to make a living from their hobby equipment in this field is varied with scuba and surface supplied equipment used depending on requirements but rebreathers are often used for wildlife related work as they are normally quiet release few or no bubbles and allow the diver a lengthy bottom time with a reduced risk of frightening off the subject 49 tourism edit main article scuba diving tourism scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live it includes aspects of training equipment sales rental and service guided experiences and environmental tourism 50 51 the diving activity most associated with work in the diving tourism industry is leading dives dive leader is the title of an internationally recognised recreational diving certification for the occupation of dive guide which is a specialist underwater application of tour guide 52 53 several other titles are also used including divemaster this is a role that includes organising and leading recreational dives particularly in a professional capacity diver training edit instructor and learner divers practicing scuba skills in confined water main articles diver training and diving instructor diver training is the set of processes through which a person learns the necessary and desirable skills to safely dive underwater within the scope of the diver training standard relevant to the specific training programme most diver training follows procedures and schedules laid down in the associated training standard in a formal training programme and includes practical skills training in the safe use of the associated equipment in the specified underwater environment and assessment of the required skills and knowledge deemed necessary by the certification agency to allow the newly certified diver to dive within the specified range of conditions at an acceptable level of risk practical training and assessment of skills largely occurs underwater in the presence of a diving instructor who is responsible for the safety of the trainee while under instruction or assessment aquaculture fishing and harvesting of organisms underwater edit aquaculture is the controlled cultivation farming of aquatic organisms such as fish crustaceans mollusks algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants e g lotus aquaculture involves cultivating freshwater brackish water and saltwater populations under controlled or semi natural conditions and can be contrasted with commercial fishing which is the harvesting of wild fish there are many underwater activities associated with aquaculture which can be done by divers including monitoring stock health and fish pen maintenance 54 spearfishing is a method of fishing that involves impaling the fish with a straight pointed object such as a spear gig or harpoon it has been deployed in artisanal fishing throughout the world for millennia modern spearfishing usually involves the use of underwater swimming gear and slingshot like elastic powered spearguns or compressed gas powered pneumatic spearguns which launch a tethered underwater projectile to strike the target fish specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments and target fish spearfishing may be done using free diving snorkelling or scuba diving techniques 55 abalone lobster sea urchins and various other marine invertebrates can be collected by hand or with the assistance of hand tools while diving pearl hunting is the activity of recovering pearls from wild molluscs usually oysters or mussels in the sea or freshwater pearl hunting was prevalent in the persian gulf region and japan for thousands of years on the northern and north western coast of western australia pearl diving began in the 1850s where the term also covers diving for nacre or mother of pearl found in what were known as pearl shells in most cases the pearl bearing molluscs live at depths where they are not manually accessible from the surface historically the molluscs were retrieved by freediving when the standard diving suit became available it was applied to pearl hunting 56 57 sponge diving is diving to collect soft natural sponges for human use as personal cleaning tools it is one of the oldest known underwater diving activities dating back to classical times and was also originally a freediving activity which later made use of the standard diving helmet 58 recreational activities edit shark cage diving further information scuba diving tourism underwater sports and freediving professional diving is done where the job is but recreational divers have the freedom to choose where they dive based on convenience cost their chosen underwater activities and the characteristics of the environment at the available dive sites many recreational divers dive mainly in their home waters but others will travel to sites where their preferences are more likely to be available scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live it includes aspects of training equipment sales rental and service guided experiences and environmental tourism 50 51 motivations to travel for scuba diving are complex and may vary considerably during the diver s development and experience participation can vary from once off to multiple dedicated trips per year over several decades the popular destinations fall into several groups including tropical reefs shipwrecks and cave systems each frequented by its own group of enthusiasts with some overlap temperate and inland open water reef sites are generally dived by people who live relatively nearby 59 60 shark tourism is a form of eco tourism that allows people to dive with sharks in their natural environment this benefits local shark populations by educating tourists and through funds raised by the shark tourism industry people can get close to the sharks by freediving or scuba diving or by entering the water in a protective cage for more aggressive species scuba activities edit see also recreational diving activities a cave diver running a reel with guide line into the overhead environment diver returning from a 600 ft 183 m dive divers at the wreck of the ss carnatic there are many recreational diving activities and several equipment and environmental specialties which require skills additional to those provided by the entry level courses these skills were originally developed by trial and error but training programmes are offered by most diver training agencies for the convenience of the diver and profit for the agency or in the case of club oriented systems for the overall benefit of the club community cave and cavern diving is underwater diving in water filled caves it may be done as an extreme sport a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation or for the search for and recovery of divers lost as a result of one of these activities the equipment used varies depending on the circumstances but almost all cave diving is done using scuba equipment often in specialised configurations with redundancies recreational cave diving is generally considered to be a type of technical diving due to the lack of a free surface during large parts of the dive and often involves planned decompression stops a distinction is made by recreational diver training agencies between cave diving and cavern diving where cavern diving is deemed to be diving in those parts of a cave where the exit to open water can be seen by natural light an arbitrary distance limit to the open water surface may also be specified 61 muck diving gets its name from the sediment that lies on the bottom at many dive sites a frequently muddy or mucky environment other than muddy sediment the muck dive substrate may consist of dead coral skeletons garbage and natural detritus the visibility is usually less than on the reef or wreck sites of the area however the sediment and detritus environment has a different ecology to the reef and the muck substrate can be the habitat for unusual exotic and juvenile organisms that are not found in the cleaner reef sites recreational diving is diving for the purpose of leisure and enjoyment and usually refers to scuba diving for recreational purposes where the diver is not constrained from making a direct near vertical ascent to the surface at any point during the dive and risk is considered low the equipment used for recreational diving is mostly open circuit scuba though semi closed and fully automated electronic closed circuit rebreathers may be included in the scope of recreational diving risk is managed by training the diver in a range of standardised procedures and skills appropriate to the equipment the diver chooses to use and the environment in which the diver plans to dive further experience and development of skills by practice will improve the diver s ability to dive safely specialty training is made available by the recreational diver training industry and diving clubs to increase the range of environments and venues the diver can enjoy at an acceptable level of risk reasons to dive and preferred diving activities may vary during the personal development of a recreational diver and may depend on their psychological profile and their level of dedication to the activity most divers average less than eight dives per year but some total several thousand dives over a few decades and continue diving into their 60s and 70s occasionally older recreational divers may frequent local dive sites or dive as tourists at more distant venues known for desirable underwater environments 62 59 scuba finswimming officially named immersion finswimming with breathing apparatus is underwater competitive swimming using mask monofin and underwater breathing apparatus conducted in a swimming pool while there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race 63 technical diving is recreational scuba diving that exceeds the agency specified limits of recreational diving for non professional purposes technical diving may expose the diver to hazards beyond those normally associated with recreational diving and to a greater risk of serious injury or death the risk may be reduced by appropriate skills knowledge and experience and by using suitable equipment and procedures the skills may be developed through appropriate specialised training and experience the equipment often involves breathing gases other than air or standard nitrox mixtures and multiple gas sources 2 underwater citizen science is the scientific research and monitoring for projects for which members of the public collect categorize transcribe or analyze scientific data it is an increasingly popular but underutilised collaboration between society and scientific research 64 in which members of the recreational scuba diving community actively participate in marine data acquisition and recording largely by way of geolocated photographic observations collected during recreational dives but also in more structured and long term experimental work 65 underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water it is usually done while scuba diving but can also be done while diving on surface supply or freediving underwater photography can be categorised as an art form and a method for recording data successful underwater imaging is usually done with specialized equipment and techniques and it offers unusual and rare photographic opportunities and subjects underwater orienteering is a competitive underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba equipment fins a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered the competition consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water testing the competitors speed and accuracy in underwater navigation around accurately surveyed courses marked by buoys 66 underwater videog...
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